Relationship between water quality, heavy metals and antibiotic resistance genes among three freshwater lakes

Urban recreational lakes are impacted by consistent anthropogenic activities and are significant sources of heavy metals and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, three urban lakes of varying size and anthropogenic impact in Nanjing, China, were investigated for the abundance of ten ARGs, six physicochemical factors and four heavy metals. Correlations between heavy metals and physicochemical parameters against ARGs were performed to investigate the presence of ARGs in the lakes. The water quality data indicated that the lakes were on par with levels 3 and 4 of the Chinese surface water environmental standards, signifying disturbing pollution levels in the lakes. The lakes were dominant with high amounts of sul1, sul2 and strA genes, and the sum of these three genes appropriated over 38.9-84.4% in all three lakes, while the sum of tetM, tetQ and ermB genes occupied a minor proportion (0.1-1.4%). High levels of vancomycin resistance genes were found in the three lakes. Spearman analysis indicated that Chl alpha, cadmium, lead and copper had a significant positive correlation with sul2 and strB. The results of redundancy analysis displayed that Chl alpha and co-selection with certain heavy metals were the major factors driving the propagation of specific genes in three lakes. We believe our study contributes by adding further knowledge to existing antibiotic resistance gene abundance studies in recreational urban lakes with significant anthropogenic impacts.

Automated summary

This study investigated the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes, physicochemical factors, and heavy metals in three urban lakes in Nanjing, China. The results showed high levels of antibiotic resistance genes and heavy metals in the lakes, indicating disturbing pollution levels. The study also found significant correlations between certain heavy metals and antibiotic resistance genes.