A Penalized Spline-Based Attitude Model for High-Resolution Satellite Imagery

Attitude models play a prominent role in the geometric processing of high-resolution satellite imagery (HRSI). Because of the high accuracy of the matching algorithm, attitude oscillations can occur in HRSI. Variousmethods for correcting this attitude oscillation with parallax observations have been proposed. However, few researchers have attempted to model the oscillation from the attitude records or have taken noise into consideration. In this paper, a penalized spline-based attitude model is proposed, which can model the oscillation with piecewise and continuously differentiable polynomials and smooth out the attitude noise with a penalty function. The balance between the fitting accuracy and noise smoothing is controlled by a penalty parameter, which is estimated by generalized cross-validation. Given that the attitude error introduces distortions into sensor-corrected images, the band-to-band registration of multispectral images is used to validate the attitude model. Five multispectral data sets captured by ZiYuan-3 are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with third-degree polynomials and cubic spline interpolation, the penalized spline model delivers the best performance by limiting the misregistration caused by the attitude model to within 0.1 pixels.