Recent advances in radiosensitivity determinants in melanoma

Purpose of review Radiotherapy has been proven to be useful but insufficient in melanoma management due to the intrinsic radioresistance of melanoma cells. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms and pathways related to resistance/sensitivity to radiotherapy in melanoma is of paramount importance. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the recent 'discoveries' and advances in radiosensitivity determinants in melanoma. Recent findings The different levels of radiosensitivity among the various melanoma tumors could be attributed to the DNA damage signaling and repair proteins, tumor microenvironment, hypoxia, cell metabolism, glutathione and redox balance, protein kinase signaling pathways as well as pigmentation and melanin content. It is therapeutically important to elucidate the factors involved in radiation resistance/sensitivity of melanoma. More importantly, improving radiosensitivity may 'widen the clinical utility' in melanoma of this important therapeutic modality.

Automated summary

This review discusses the recent discoveries and advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms and pathways related to resistance/sensitivity to radiotherapy in melanoma. Factors such as DNA damage signaling and repair proteins, tumor microenvironment, hypoxia, cell metabolism, glutathione and redox balance, protein kinase signaling pathways, pigmentation, and melanin content are found to determine the different levels of radiosensitivity among melanoma tumors.