Reliability of a commercial platform for estimating flower cluster and fruit number, yield, tree geometry and light interception in apple trees under different rootstocks and row orientations

Modern horticulture is undergoing a rapid change with the introduction of new predictive technologies that help maximise the automation of orchard management practices. This study aimed to calibrate and validate a commercial sensorised mobile platform for the prediction of flower cluster number, fruit number and yield, tree geometry in 'ANABP-01' apples. In addition, this work (i) modelled the relationships between tree geometry and light interception, and (ii) determined the effects of light interception, rootstock and row orientation on flower cluster number, crop load, yield and tree geometry. Results showed that predictions were very accurate after initial calibration. Flower cluster detections had an error (RMSE) of similar to 5 clusters / image. Fruit number and yield predictions needed independent calibration across rootstocks but errors after validation on a separate dataset were small (RMSE = 5 fruit / tree, and RMSE = 1 kg / fruit, for fruit number and yield, respectively). Orchard errors for fruit number and yield estimations were lower than 5 %. Canopy area, canopy density and canopy cross-sectional leaf area (CSLA) were all linearly related with effective area of shade (EAS, integrated daily canopy light interception) but CSLA had the most robust and stable relationship with intercepted light. Increasing CSLA led to higher flower cluster number, fruit number and yield. Row orientations and rootstocks significantly affected productive performance, tree size and geometry and light interception. The orchard heatmaps generated after data validation proved very useful to support orchard management decisions. Overall, the predictive technology demonstrated to be a valid tool to combine accurate estimates of several important fruit crop parameters (i.e. flower cluster number, fruit number, yield, tree size and geometry, and light interception) in a single platform.

Automated summary

This study calibrated and validated a commercial sensorised mobile platform for predicting flower cluster number, fruit number, and yield in 'ANABP-01' apples. It also examined the relationships between tree geometry, light interception, rootstocks, and row orientation on orchard productivity. The results showed accurate predictions after calibration, demonstrating the potential of predictive technologies in orchard management.