Electrostatic Perturbations in the Substrate-Binding Pocket of Taurine/α-Ketoglutarate Dioxygenase Determine its Selectivity

Taurine/alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase is an important enzyme that takes part in the cysteine catabolism process in the human body and selectively hydroxylates taurine at the C-1-position. Recent computational studies showed that in the gas-phase the C-2-H bond of taurine is substantially weaker than the C-1-H bond, yet no evidence exists of 2-hydroxytaurine products. To this end, a detailed computational study on the selectivity patterns in TauD was performed. The calculations show that the second-coordination sphere and the protonation states of residues play a major role in guiding the enzyme to the right selectivity. Specifically, a single proton on an active site histidine residue can change the regioselectivity of the reaction through its electrostatic perturbations in the active site and effectively changes the C-1-H and C-2-H bond strengths of taurine. This is further emphasized by many polar and hydrogen bonding interactions of the protein cage in TauD with the substrate and the oxidant that weaken the pro-R C-1-H bond and triggers a chemoselective reaction process. The large cluster models reproduce the experimental free energy of activation excellently.

Automated summary

This study investigates the selective reaction of taurine/alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase (TauD) and reveals that the second-coordination sphere and the protonation states of residues play a significant role in determining the enzyme selectivity. The presence of a single proton on the active site histidine residue can alter the regioselectivity of the reaction through electrostatic perturbations, affecting the bond strengths of taurine. The protein cage in TauD weakens the pro-R C-1-H bond, leading to a chemoselective reaction process that is accurately reproduced by large cluster models.