Implicit Solvation Methods for Catalysis at Electrified Interfaces

Implicit solvation is an effective, highly coarse-grained approach in atomicscale simulations to account for a surrounding liquid electrolyte on the level of a continuous polarizable medium. Originating in molecular chemistry with finite solutes, implicit solvation techniques are now increasingly used in the context of first-principles modeling of electrochemistry and electrocatalysis at extended (often metallic) electrodes. The prevalent ansatz to model the latter electrodes and the reactive surface chemistry at them through slabs in periodic boundary condition supercells brings its specific challenges. Foremost this concerns the difficulty of describing the entire double layer forming at the electrified solid- liquid interface (SLI) within supercell sizes tractable by commonly employed density functional theory (DFT). We review liquid solvation methodology from this specific application angle, highlighting in particular its use in the widespread ab initio thermodynamics approach to surface catalysis. Notably, implicit solvation can be employed to mimic a polarization of the electrode's electronic density under the applied potential and the concomitant capacitive charging of the entire double layer beyond the limitations of the employed DFT supercell. Most critical for continuing advances of this effective methodology for the SLI context is the lack of pertinent (experimental or high-level theoretical) reference data needed for parametrization.

Automated summary

Implicit solvation is an effective coarse-grained approach in atomic-scale simulations, commonly used in modeling electrochemistry and electrocatalysis, but faces challenges such as describing the entire double layer forming at the solid-liquid interface within tractable supercell sizes in DFT. Additional experimental or high-level theoretical data is needed for further advancement of this methodology in the SLI context.