Transition-Metal-Catalyzed, Coordination-Assisted Functionalization of Nonactivated C(sp3)-H Bonds

Transition-metal-catalyzed, coordination-assisted C(sp(3))-H functionalization has revolutionized synthetic planning over the past few decades as the use of these directing groups has allowed for increased access to many strategic positions in organic molecules. Nonetheless, several challenges remain preeminent, such as the requirement for high temperatures, the difficulty in removing or converting directing groups, and, although many metals provide some reactivity, the difficulty in employing metals outside of palladium. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview of coordination-assisted, transition-metal-catalyzed, direct functionalization of nonactivated C(sp(3))-H bonds by covering the literature since 2004 in order to demonstrate the current state-of-the-art methods as well as the current limitations. For clarity, this review has been divided into nine sections by the transition metal catalyst with subdivisions by the type of bond formation. Synthetic applications and reaction mechanism are discussed where appropriate.

Automated summary

Transition-metal-catalyzed, coordination-assisted C(sp(3))-H functionalization has revolutionized synthetic planning by providing increased access to strategic positions in organic molecules. Challenges like high temperatures, difficulty in removing directing groups, and limited metal options beyond palladium still remain. This review aims to cover literature since 2004, highlighting current state-of-the-art methods, limitations, and discussing synthetic applications and reaction mechanisms.