Effects of a pestilent species on the stability of cyclically dominant species

Cyclic dominance is frequently believed to be a mechanism that maintains diversity of competing species. But this delicate balance could also be fragile if some of the members is weakened because an extinction of a species will involve the annihilation of its predator hence leaving only a single species alive. To check this expectation we here introduce a fourth species which chases exclusively a single member of the basic model composed by three cyclically dominant species. Interestingly, the coexistence is not necessarily broken and we have detected three consecutive phase transitions as we vary only the invasion strength of the fourth pestilent species. The resulting phases are analyzed by different techniques including the study of the Hamming distance density profiles. Some of our observations strengthen previous findings about cyclically dominant system, but they also offer new revelations and counter-intuitive phenomenon, like supporting pestilent species may result in its extinction, hence enriching our understanding about these very simple but still surprisingly complex systems. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

The introduction of a fourth species into a model of three cyclically dominant species may not necessarily disrupt the coexistence of species, but can lead to three consecutive phase transitions. Through analysis using various techniques and Hamming distance density profiles, the study reinforced previous findings about cyclically dominant systems and revealed new insights and counter-intuitive phenomena.