Respiratory mucosal delivery of next-generation COVID-19 vaccine provides robust protection against both ancestral and variant strains of SARS-CoV-2

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Aerosol delivery, but not intramuscular injection, of adenovirus-vectored tuberculosis vaccine induces respiratory- mucosal immunity in humans

Mangalakumari Jeyanathan et al.

Summary: Inhaled aerosol delivery of Ad-vectored vaccines is safe and effective in inducing respiratory mucosal immunity. This study provides evidence for the development of aerosol vaccine strategies against respiratory pathogens.

JCI INSIGHT (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Functional SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Memory Persists after Mild COVID-19

Lauren B. Rodda et al.

Summary: The study found that individuals recovered from mild COVID-19 develop sustained SARS-CoV-2-specific immunological memory for at least 3 months, including immunoglobulin antibodies, neutralizing plasma, and memory B and T cells. These memory lymphocytes exhibit potent antiviral function, aiding in immune defense.

CELL (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Intranasal vaccination with a lentiviral vector protects against SARS-CoV-2 in preclinical animal models

Min-Wen Ku et al.

Summary: Vaccination using a lentiviral vector to induce neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 provides partial protection when administered systemically, but intranasal immunization results in a significant decrease in lung viral load and reduced local inflammation. Integrative and non-integrative lentiviral platforms both show strong vaccine efficacy against COVID-19 in golden hamsters, highlighting the potential of intranasal vaccination as a powerful approach.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Circuits between infected macrophages and T cells in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia

Rogan A. Grant et al.

Summary: The study found that patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have enriched T cells and monocytes in the alveolar space, suggesting that the virus infects alveolar macrophages and induces T cell production of interferon-, leading to inflammation and persistent alveolitis.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity

Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.

Summary: New variants of SARS-CoV-2 show high resistance to vaccine neutralization, with some able to escape vaccine responses with just a few mutations, highlighting the importance of developing broadly protective measures against variants.

CELL (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

COVID-19: Current knowledge in clinical features, immunological responses, and vaccine development

Ramandeep Singh et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed the most challenging global health crisis in a century, infecting more than 100 million people and causing over 2.15 million deaths. Rapid efforts have been made to develop vaccines to combat the virus and prevent further spread.

FASEB JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Waning Immunity after the BNT162b2 Vaccine in Israel

Yair Goldberg et al.

Summary: The immunity against the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 waned in all age groups in Israel a few months after receiving the second dose of the vaccine, leading to an increase in infection and severe cases.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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News Item Multidisciplinary Sciences

HOW TO REDESIGN COVID VACCINES SO THEY PROTECT AGAINST VARIANTS

Ewen Callaway et al.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7

Pengfei Wang et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has had global repercussions, with promising vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies. However, newly detected variants of SARS-CoV-2 present challenges to these treatment options.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization by monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies

Rita E. Chen et al.

Summary: The study analyzed antibody neutralization activity against a panel of authentic isolates and chimeric SARS-CoV-2 variants, showing significantly reduced neutralizing activity against the B.1.351 variant first identified in South Africa. Antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain and N-terminal domain, monoclonal antibodies, convalescent sera, and mRNA vaccine-induced immune sera exhibited decreased inhibitory activity against viruses with an E484K spike mutation, suggesting a need for updated monoclonal antibodies or vaccine adjustments to prevent loss of protection against emerging variants.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Intranasal HD-Ad vaccine protects the upper and lower respiratory tracts of hACE2 mice against SARS-CoV-2

Huibi Cao et al.

Summary: In this study, a novel intranasal COVID-19 vaccine based on a helper-dependent adenoviral vector has been described. The vaccine induces robust mucosal and systemic immunity and provides complete protection of the upper respiratory tract against SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice. This approach shows promise in developing highly effective vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants.

CELL AND BIOSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies

Markus Hoffmann et al.

Summary: The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants may exhibit resistance to existing neutralizing antibodies and treatments, which could have significant implications for pandemic containment efforts.

CELL (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection

Florian Krammer

LANCET (2021)

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News Item Multidisciplinary Sciences

Five reasons why COVID herd immunity is probably impossible

Christie Aschwanden

Summary: Despite vaccination efforts in full force, the theoretical threshold for conquering COVID-19 appears to be unattainable.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies

Delphine Planas et al.

Summary: The ability of convalescent sera from individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 and those vaccinated with BNT162b2 to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants B1.1.7 and B.1.351 decreases, but increases after two vaccine doses. The study found that the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants may have acquired partial resistance to neutralizing antibodies generated by natural infection or vaccination, particularly in individuals with low antibody levels. This suggests that the B.1.351 variant may pose a greater risk of infection in immunized individuals.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Editorial Material Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 escaped natural immunity, raising questions about vaccines and therapies

Emanuele Andreano et al.

Summary: While SARS-CoV-2 is capable of evading natural immune responses, the question remains whether the virus can escape monoclonal antibodies and vaccine-induced immunity.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection

David S. Khoury et al.

Summary: The level of neutralizing antibodies is closely related to immune protection against COVID-19, playing a crucial role in protecting against detected infection and severe infection. Studies have shown that neutralizing titers will decline over time after vaccination, leading to decreased protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 Variants

Laith J. Abu-Raddad et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.429 and B.1.351

Xiaoying Shen et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant

S. A. Madhi et al.

Summary: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine did not provide significant protection against mild-to-moderate Covid-19 caused by the B.1.351 variant, with an efficacy of 10.4%. The incidence of serious adverse events was balanced between the vaccine and placebo groups.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant

V. Shinde et al.

Summary: The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine showed efficacy in preventing Covid-19, with higher vaccine efficacy observed among HIV-negative participants. Most infections were caused by the B.1.351 variant.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Virology

Characteristics of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Recovered COVID-19 Subjects

Angela Huynh et al.

Summary: COVID-19 is a global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. The study found that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in recovered individuals up to 180 days post-symptom onset, indicating a humoral immune response to the virus. Serological surveys are important for assessing population-level immunity based on RT-PCR-determined infection numbers.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Immunology

Cutting Edge: Nucleocapsid Vaccine Elicits Spike-Independent SARS-CoV-2 Protective Immunity

William E. Matchett et al.

Summary: Vaccination with a human adenovirus type 5 vector expressing the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein can establish protective immunity and reduce weight loss and viral load in vaccinated Syrian hamsters and K18hACE2 mice. Vaccinated mice showed rapid N-specific T cell recall responses in the respiratory mucosa. This study supports the idea of including additional viral antigens in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to broaden epitope coverage and immune effector mechanisms.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an aerosolised adenovirus type-5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine (Ad5-nCoV) in adults: preliminary report of an open-label and randomised phase 1 clinical trial

Shipo Wu et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of an aerosolised adenovirus type-5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine in adults without COVID-19 from China. It found that the aerosol vaccine was well tolerated, and two doses elicited neutralising antibody responses similar to one dose of intramuscular injection. An aerosolised booster vaccination at 28 days after the first intramuscular injection induced strong IgG and neutralising antibody responses. The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of aerosol vaccination should be evaluated in future studies.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in humans

Galit Alter et al.

Summary: The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine has shown clinical efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19, including the B.1.351 variant, but there is uncertainty regarding its immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. The study found that neutralizing antibody responses were reduced against the B.1.351 and P.1 variants, while non-neutralizing antibody responses and T cell responses were largely preserved against SARS-CoV-2 variants.

NATURE (2021)

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Review Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape

William T. Harvey et al.

Summary: The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been characterized by the emergence of mutations and variants that impact virus characteristics. Manufacturers are preparing for possible updates to vaccines in response to changes in the virus population, and it is crucial to monitor genetic and antigenic changes alongside experiments to understand the impacts of mutations.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Vaccines

Philip R. Krause et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

IgA potentiates NETosis in response to viral infection

Hannah D. Stacey et al.

Summary: IgA plays a key role in protecting against viral infections by potentiating NETosis through neutrophils, which release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to trap and inactivate viruses.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

CVnCoV and CV2CoV protect human ACE2 transgenic mice from ancestral B BavPat1 and emerging B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2

Donata Hoffmann et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that two spike encoding mRNA vaccines provide effective protection against the variants of concern B.1.351 and the ancestral strain BavPat1 of SARS-CoV-2, despite lower neutralizing antibody titers against B.1.351.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Covid-19 vaccination: evidence of waning immunity is overstated

Jake Scott et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

An intranasal vaccine durably protects against SARS-CoV-2 variants in mice

Ahmed O. Hassan et al.

Summary: Intranasal immunization with ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S in mice induces durable neutralizing and Fc effector antibody responses, providing protection against historical and emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

A single intranasal or intramuscular immunization with chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protects against pneumonia in hamsters

Traci L. Bricker et al.

Summary: The study found that intranasal administration provides superior protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and inflammation in the upper respiratory tract compared to intramuscular injection, reducing weight loss, viral infection, and lung pathology. Therefore, intranasal delivery of ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S candidate vaccine is supported for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern partially escape humoral but not T- cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent donors and vaccinees

Daryl Geers et al.

Summary: This study suggests that some variants might partially escape humoral immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection or BNT162b2 vaccination, but the S-specific CD4(+) T-cell activation is not affected by the mutations in the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

A single intranasal dose of chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques

Ahmed O. Hassan et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an intranasally administered vaccine in non-human primates, showing that it induces neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses, effectively limiting or preventing infection of SARS-CoV-2 in the respiratory tract.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Complete map of SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutations that escape the monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555 and its cocktail with LY-CoV016

Tyler N. Starr et al.

Summary: The study mapped mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain that escape binding by certain monoclonal antibodies. These mutations are concentrated in specific lineages of SARS-CoV-2. The authors suggest diversifying the epitopes targeted by antibodies and antibody cocktails to make them more resilient to SARS-CoV-2 antigenic evolution.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Immunology

Viral targets for vaccines against COVID-19

Lianpan Dai et al.

Summary: The urgent need for vaccines to control the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the rapid development of multiple vaccine candidates, with some showing positive results in late-stage clinical trials. This article discusses the viral elements used in these candidates, the reasons why they are good targets for the immune system, and their implications for protective immunity. Dai and Gao highlight the importance of selecting the right viral targets in vaccine development to ensure an effective immune response and the overall safety and efficacy of the vaccine.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

COVID-19 treatments and pathogenesis including anosmia in K18-hACE2 mice

Jian Zheng et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Experimental studies in animals infected with SARS-CoV-2 have revealed severe lung and brain damage, as well as early onset anosmia in mice. Excitingly, infusion of convalescent plasma from recovered patients has shown to protect against lethal disease, though it does not prevent anosmia.

NATURE (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Innate immune memory of tissue-resident macrophages and trained innate immunity: Re-vamping vaccine concept and strategies

Zhou Xing et al.

JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Targeting Antigen to the Surface of EVs Improves the In Vivo Immunogenicity of Human and Non-human Adenoviral Vaccines in Mice

Carly M. Bliss et al.

MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans

Fatima Amanat et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed

Nicole Lurie et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 T cell immunity: Specificity, function, durability, and role in protection

Daniel M. Altmann et al.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A Mouse-Adapted SARS-CoV-2 Induces Acute Lung Injury and Mortality in Standard Laboratory Mice

Sarah R. Leist et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A Single-Dose Intranasal ChAd Vaccine Protects Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts against SARS-CoV-2

Ahmed O. Hassan et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

A SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization test based on antibody-mediated blockage of ACE2-spike protein-protein interaction

Chee Wah Tan et al.

NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Airway Macrophages Mediate Mucosal Vaccine-Induced Trained Innate Immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Early Stages of Infection

Michael R. D'Agostino et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Broad and strong memory CD4+and CD8+T cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 in UK convalescent individuals following COVID-19

Yanchun Peng et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity

Angkana T. Huang et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Immunology

Rapid generation of durable B cell memory to SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins in COVID-19 and convalescence

Gemma E. Hartley et al.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Repeated cross-sectional sero-monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in New York City

Daniel Stadlbauer et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Review Immunology

Measuring immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: comparing assays and animal models

David S. Khoury et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Immunological considerations for COVID-19 vaccine strategies

Mangalakumari Jeyanathan et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Isolation, Sequence, Infectivity and Replication Kinetics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Arinjay Banerjee et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Review Immunology

The role of IgG Fc receptors in antibody-dependent enhancement

Stylianos Bournazos et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Location, location, location: Tissue resident memory T cells in mice and humans

Peter A. Szabo et al.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Review Immunology

New Tuberculosis Vaccine Strategies: Taking Aim at Un-Natural Immunity

Mangalakumari Jeyanathan et al.

TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Induction of Autonomous Memory Alveolar Macrophages Requires T Cell Help and Is Critical to Trained Immunity

Yushi Yao et al.

CELL (2018)

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Article Immunology

CXCR3 Signaling Is Required for Restricted Homing of Parenteral Tuberculosis Vaccine-Induced T Cells to Both the Lung Parenchyma and Airway

Mangalakumari Jeyanathan et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2017)

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Article Immunology

Airway Memory CD4+ T Cells Mediate Protective Immunity against Emerging Respiratory Coronaviruses

Jincun Zhao et al.

IMMUNITY (2016)

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Article Immunology

Novel chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored respiratory mucosal tuberculosis vaccine: overcoming local anti-human adenovirus immunity for potent TB protection

M. Jeyanathan et al.

MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY (2015)

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Article Respiratory System

Mucosal immunity and novel tuberculosis vaccine strategies: route of immunisation-determined T-cell homing to restricted lung mucosal compartments

Rocky Lai et al.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY REVIEW (2015)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate tuberculosis vaccine MVA85A delivered by aerosol in BCG-vaccinated healthy adults: a phase 1, double-blind, randomised controlled trial

Iman Satti et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2014)

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Article Microbiology

Alveolar Macrophages Are Essential for Protection from Respiratory Failure and Associated Morbidity following Influenza Virus Infection

Christoph Schneider et al.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2014)

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Article Immunology

Deletion and anergy of polyclonal B cells specific for ubiquitous membrane-bound self-antigen

Justin J. Taylor et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2012)

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Review Immunology

What Role Does the Route of Immunization Play in the Generation of Protective Immunity against Mucosal Pathogens?

Igor M. Belyakov et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2009)

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Article Immunology

Alveolar macrophages are the primary interferon-α producer in pulmonary infection with RNA viruses

Yutaro Kumagai et al.

IMMUNITY (2007)

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Article Virology

Exosomal vaccines containing the S protein of the SARS coronavirus induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies

Seraphin Kuate et al.

VIROLOGY (2007)

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Review Immunology

Mucosal vaccines: the promise and the challenge

MR Neutra et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2006)

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Article Immunology

Mechanisms of mucosal and parenteral tuberculosis vaccinations: Adenoviral-based mucosal immunization preferentially elicits sustained accumulation of immune protective CD4 and CD8 T cells within airway limen

M Santosuosso et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2005)

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Article Immunology

Single mucosal, but not parenteral, immunization with recombinant adenoviral-based vaccine provides potent protection from pulmonary tuberculosis

J Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2004)

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Respiratory mucosal delivery of next-generation COVID-19 vaccine provides robust protection against both ancestral and variant strains of SARS-CoV-2

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