Multifunctional micro/nanomotors as an emerging platform for smart healthcare applications

Self-propelling micro- and nano-motors (MNMs) are emerging as a multifunctional platform for smart healthcare applications such as biosensing, bioimaging, and targeted drug delivery with high tissue penetration, stirring effect, and rapid drug transport. MNMs can be propelled and/or guided by chemical substances or external stimuli including ultrasound, magnetic field, and light. In addition, enzymatically powered MNMs and biohybrid micromotors have been developed using the biological components in the body. In this review, we describe emerging MNMs focusing on their smart propulsion systems, and diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Finally, we highlight several MNMs for in vivo applications and discuss the future perspectives of MNMs on their current limitations and possibilities toward further clinical applications.

Automated summary

Self-propelling micro- and nano-motors are a multifunctional platform for smart healthcare applications, including biosensing, bioimaging, and targeted drug delivery. They can be powered and guided by chemical substances or external stimuli, showing promise for in vivo applications and future clinical use. Despite some limitations, MNMs have the potential to revolutionize diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in healthcare.