期刊
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES
卷 257, 期 1, 页码 -出版社
IOP Publishing Ltd
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/ac1434
关键词
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资金
- National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship [DGE1745303, DGE 1256260]
- Smithsonian Institution
- Simons Foundation [321183]
- NSF AAG grant [1907653]
- NASA by the Space Telescope Science Institute [HST-HF2-51405.001-A, HST-HF2-51429.001-A, HST-HF2-51427.001-A, HST-HF2-51419.001, HST-HF2-51401.001]
- Space Telescope Science Institute [NAS5-26555]
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration [17-XRP17 2-0012]
- NAOJ ALMA Scientific Research grant [2019-13B, 2018-10B]
- Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom (STFC) [ST/T000287/1]
- ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) of France [ANR-16-CE31-0013]
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration FINESST grant [80NSSC19K1534]
- David and Lucille Packard Foundation
- Johnson & Johnson's WiSTEM2D Program
- Natural Science Foundation of China [11973090]
- FONDECYT Iniciacion [11180904]
- ANID project [AFB-170002]
- CNES fellowship grant
- ANR of France [ANR-16-CE31-0013, ANR-15-IDEX-02]
- ANID/CONICYT Programa de Astronomia Fondo ALMA-CONICYT [31180052]
- JSPS KAKENHI [JP17K14244, JP20K04017]
- IGPEES
- WINGS Program
- University of Tokyo
- Michigan Society of Fellows
- University of Leeds
- STFC
- UKRI [ST/T000287/1, ST/R000549/1, MR/T040726/1]
- Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
- [18H05222]
- [20H05847]
- [18H05441]
The study reveals the existence of a large number of different chemical substructures in protoplanetary disks, which can be found at different radii. Most of these chemical substructures coincide spatially with dust substructures in the inner regions of the disks, while some cannot be directly linked to dust substructures. This suggests that chemical substructures could represent different disk characteristics and influence the environment in which planets assemble.
The Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) Large Program provides a detailed, high-resolution (similar to 10-20 au) view of molecular line emission in five protoplanetary disks at spatial scales relevant for planet formation. Here we present a systematic analysis of chemical substructures in 18 molecular lines toward the MAPS sources: IM Lup, GM Aur, AS 209, HD 163296, and MWC 480. We identify more than 200 chemical substructures, which are found at nearly all radii where line emission is detected. A wide diversity of radial morphologies-including rings, gaps, and plateaus-is observed both within each disk and across the MAPS sample. This diversity in line emission profiles is also present in the innermost 50 au. Overall, this suggests that planets form in varied chemical environments both across disks and at different radii within the same disk. Interior to 150 au, the majority of chemical substructures across the MAPS disks are spatially coincident with substructures in the millimeter continuum, indicative of physical and chemical links between the disk midplane and warm, elevated molecular emission layers. Some chemical substructures in the inner disk and most chemical substructures exterior to 150 au cannot be directly linked to dust substructure, however, which indicates that there are also other causes of chemical substructures, such as snowlines, gradients in UV photon fluxes, ionization, and radially varying elemental ratios. This implies that chemical substructures could be developed into powerful probes of different disk characteristics, in addition to influencing the environments within which planets assemble. This paper is part of the MAPS special issue of the Astrophysical Journal Supplement.
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