期刊
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
卷 61, 期 10, 页码 -出版社
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116421
关键词
Cross-Coupling; Heteroarylation; Indoles; Proton-Coupled Electron-Transfer; Radicals
资金
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [22088102, 21933007, 22193013]
- Ministry of Science and Technology of China [2017YFA0206903, 2021YFA1500102]
- Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science [XDB17000000]
- Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Science [QYZDY-SSW-JSC029]
This study reports the first regioselective heteroarylation of indole through a radical-radical cross-coupling using visible-light irradiation. Spectroscopic and computational studies show that the hydrogen-bonding interaction between an organic base and its conjugated acid plays a crucial role in determining the reaction pathway, resulting in regioselective formation of C-3 and N-1 heteroarylation of indoles. This methodology has great potential in large-scale synthesis and late-stage derivatization of bioactive compounds.
Site-selective N-1 and C-3 arylation of indole has been sought after because of the prevalent application of arylindoles and the intricate reactivities associated with the multiple sites of the N-unsubstituted indole. Represented herein is the first regioselective heteroarylation of indole via a radical-radical cross-coupling by visible-light irradiation. Steady and time-resolved spectroscopic and computational studies revealed that the hydrogen-bonding interaction of organic base and its conjugated acid, namely with indole and heteroarylnitrile, determined the reaction pathway, which underwent either proton-coupled electron-transfer or energy-transfer for the subsequent radical-radical cross-coupling, leading to the regioselective formation of C-3 and N-1 heteroarylation of indoles, respectively. The parallel methodologies for regioisomeric N-1 and C-3 heteroaryl indoles with good functional group compatibility could be applied to large-scale synthesis and late-stage derivatization of bioactive compounds under extremely mild reaction conditions.
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