Tin-Based Anode Materials for Stable Sodium Storage: Progress and Perspective

Because of concerns regarding shortages of lithium resources and the urgent need to develop low-cost and high-efficiency energy-storage systems, research and applications of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have re-emerged in recent years. Herein, recent advances in high-capacity Sn-based anode materials for stable SIBs are highlighted, including tin (Sn) alloys, Sn oxides, Sn sulfides, Sn selenides, Sn phosphides, and their composites. The reaction mechanisms between Sn-based materials and sodium are clarified. Multiphase and multiscale structural optimizations of Sn-based materials to achieve good sodium-storage performance are emphasized. Full-cell designs using Sn-based materials as anodes and further development of Sn-based materials are discussed from a commercialization perspective. Insights into the preparation of future high-performance Sn-based anode materials and the construction of sodium-ion full batteries with a high energy density and long service life are provided.

Automated summary

Due to concerns over lithium shortages and the urgent need for low-cost and high-efficiency energy storage systems, research and applications of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have resurfaced in recent years. This paper highlights recent advances in stable SIBs with high-capacity tin-based anode materials, including tin alloys, oxides, sulfides, selenides, phosphides, and their composites. The reaction mechanisms between Sn-based materials and sodium are clarified, and the emphasis is placed on multiphase and multiscale structural optimizations for improved sodium storage. The commercialization perspective of full-cell designs and further development of Sn-based materials as anodes are discussed. Insights into the preparation of future high-performance Sn-based anode materials and construction of sodium-ion full batteries with high energy density and long service life are provided.