Rotaxane Dendrimers: Alliance between Giants

CONSPECTUS: During recent decades, the blossoming of the field of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), i.e., molecules containing mechanical or topological bonds such as rotaxanes, catenanes, and knots, has been reported in the literature. Taking advantage of the rapid development of diverse synthetic strategies, the precise control of both the architectures and topologies of MIMs has become realizable, which thus enables the construction of MIMs with specially desired functions. By mimicking biomolecular machines, a variety of MIM-based artificial molecular machines such as molecular shuttles, molecular muscles, molecular motors, and molecular assemblers have been constructed and operated by relying on the unique interlocked structures and controllable intramolecular movements. Two pioneers in this field, J. Fraser Stoddart and Jean-Pierre Sauvage, were awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, thereby marking a golden age of MIMs. Along with the burgeoning of MIMs, the engineering of mechanical bonds into macromolecular scaffolds such as polymers or dendrimers has become an attractive topic since the targeted novel mechanically bonded macromolecules would feature interesting processable and mechanical properties, making them excellent candidates for practical applications such as device fabrication or smart materials. In particular, rotaxane dendrimers, attributed to the combination of the advantageous features of both rotaxanes (controllable dynamic motions) and dendrimers (nanoscale highly branched architectures), have evolved as versatile platforms for extensive applications such as gene delivery, light harvesting, and molecular nanoreactors. However, compared with the widely investigated polyrotaxanes and polycatenanes, in-depth investigations on rotaxane dendrimers have rarely been explored mainly because of the synthetic challenge that makes the preparation of diverse rotaxane dendrimers, especially high-generation ones, extremely difficult. During recent years, through the rational design and synthesis of organometallic rotaxane units as key building blocks, the employment of a controllable divergent approach led to the successful synthesis of a variety of rotaxane dendrimers with precise arrangements of rotaxane units as well as stimuli-responsive sites and functional groups. More importantly, on the basis of the synthetic accessibility to diverse rotaxane dendrimers, rotaxane dendrimers have been proven to hold great promise for extensive applications in diverse fields such as light harvesting, photocatalysis, and soft actuators. In this Account, we summarize our expedition in rotaxane dendrimers, including addressing the synthetic challenges, investigating their stimuli-responsive properties, expanding their potential applications, and inventing higherorder daisy chain dendrimers. We believe that this Account will inspire scientists from various disciplines to explore these appealing and versatile higher-order mechanically bonded macromolecules.

Automated summary

In recent decades, significant progress has been made in the field of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), enabling the construction of functional molecular machines by controlling molecular architectures and topologies. Rotaxane dendrimers have emerged as a promising research area with applications in gene delivery, light harvesting, photocatalysis, and soft actuators. The synthesis of diverse rotaxane dendrimers has been achieved through rational design and the use of controllable divergent approaches, demonstrating great potential for various fields.