Backward snow depth reconstruction at high spatial resolution based on time-lapse photography

We report a methodology for reconstructing the daily snow depth distribution at high spatial resolution in a small Pyrenean catchment using time-lapse photographs and snow depletion rates derived from an on-site measuring meteorological station. The results were compared with the observed snow depth distribution, determined on a number of separate occasions using a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). The time-lapse photographs were projected onto a digital elevation model of the study site, and converted into snow presence/absence information. The melt-out date (MOD; first occurrence of melt out after peak snow accumulation) was obtained from the projected photograph series. Commencing the backward reconstruction for each grid cell at the MOD, the method uses simulated snow depth depletion rates using a temperature index approach, which are extrapolated to the grid cells of the domain to arrive at the snow distribution of the previous day. Two variants of the reconstruction techniques were applied (1) using a spatially constant degree day factor (DDF) for calculating the daily expected snow depth depletion rate, and (2) allowing a spatially distributed DDF calculated from two consecutive TLS acquisitions compared to the snow depth depletion rate observed at the meteorological station. Validation revealed that both methods performed well (average R-2=0.68; standard RMSE=0.58), with better results obtained from the spatially distributed approach. Nevertheless, the spatially corrected DDF reconstruction, which requires TLS data, suggests that the constant DDF approach is an efficient, and for most applications sufficiently accurate and easily reproducible method. The results highlight the usefulness of time-lapse photography for not only determining the snow covered area, but also for estimating the spatial distribution of snow depth. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.