Electric vehicle charging strategies for Urban freight transport: concept and typology

Charging services play an important role in encouraging the growth of the electric freight vehicle (EFV) market. Understanding charging strategies and their influence on charging behavior is crucial in the deployment of charging services. Unfortunately, existing charging strategy definitions and types are incoherent and incomplete. This conceptual paper synthesizes the perspectives found in literature on the charging strategy concept, and provides a definition based on Orlikowski's structurational model of technology. A two-level charging strategy typology is proposed. The first distinguishes between decision-making modes: schedule- or trigger-based decisions. The second identifies when and where charging is used during a vehicle operating cycle. The result is three schedule-based charging strategies: downtime, opportunity, and intrusive charging, and one trigger-based emergency charging. The selection of strategy depends on the EFV operations, the availability of charging systems and services, as well as the driver behaviour. The influence of the strategy on enhancing the EFV, the carrier operations and business model is discussed. Charging behaviour, especially in location and timing, is shown to be strongly dependent on the strategy. While downtime charging is considered the default strategy, carriers should employ a variety of complementary strategies to enhance the capability of their vehicles and improve the financial viability of the operations. Carriers should also have an emergency charging strategy on hand in case of unforeseen situations.

Automated summary

Charging services are crucial in promoting the growth of the electric freight vehicle market, and understanding the influence of charging strategies on behavior is essential. Existing definitions of charging strategies are found to be incoherent, leading to the proposal of a two-level charging strategy typology in this conceptual paper. The selection of strategy depends on various factors such as EFV operations, charging system availability, and driver behavior, highlighting the importance of employing a variety of strategies to enhance vehicle capability and operational viability.