期刊
PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
卷 17, 期 2, 页码 590-605出版社
SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD
DOI: 10.1177/1745691621994226
关键词
habit; action slips; goal pursuit; behavior change
Habitual behaviors can be triggered in specific contexts regardless of goals, and are often characterized by specific responsiveness and resistance to change. Habitual behaviors and goal pursuit can coexist, but they do not necessarily depend on goals.
People automatically repeat behaviors that were frequently rewarded in the past in a given context. Such repetition is commonly attributed to habit, or associations in memory between a context and a response. Once habits form, contexts directly activate the response in mind. An opposing view is that habitual behaviors depend on goals. However, we show that this view is challenged by the goal independence of habits across the fields of social and health psychology, behavioral neuroscience, animal learning, and computational modeling. It also is challenged by direct tests revealing that habits do not depend on implicit goals. Furthermore, we show that two features of habit memory-rapid activation of specific responses and resistance to change-explain the different conditions under which people act on habit versus persuing goals. Finally, we tested these features with a novel secondary analysis of action-slip data. We found that habitual responses are activated regardless of goals, but they can be performed in concert with goal pursuit.
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