期刊
FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
卷 12, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.704790
关键词
goal-setting theory; goal-failure; affect; self-esteem; motivation; task choice
资金
- German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) [KE 1377/5-1]
Research shows that failing a high and specific goal can have detrimental effects on an individual's affect, self-esteem, and motivation, which may be crucial for organizational long-term outcomes. Therefore, organizations should consider potential undesirable effects when using goal-setting interventions.
Setting high and specific goals is one of the best-established management tools to increase performance and motivation. However, in recent years, potential downsides of goal-setting are being discussed. One possible downside is the high risk of failing the goal. In an approach to integrate research on the consequences of goal-failure and the basic assumptions of goal-setting theory, we investigated whether failure of a high and specific goal has detrimental effects on a person's affect, self-esteem, and motivation. In Experiment 1, 185 participants received fictitious feedback about attaining or failing an assigned high and specific goal. In Experiment 2 with 86 participants, we manipulated goal-failure through task-difficulty and we included task choice as a behavioral measure of motivation. In both experiments, participants who failed the high and specific goal showed a decrease in affect, self-esteem, and motivation compared to participants who attained that goal. Results indicate that failing a high and specific goal can be damaging for self-related factors that may be crucial for organizational long-term outcomes. We advise organizations to consider potential undesirable effects when using goal-setting interventions.
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