Vascular Calcification in Rodent Models-Keeping Track with an Extented Method Assortment

Simple Summary Arterial vessel diseases are the leading cause of death in the elderly and their accelerated pathogenesis is responsible for premature death in patients with chronic renal failure. Since no functioning therapy concepts exist so far, the identification of the main signaling pathways is of current research interest. To develop therapeutic concepts, different experimental rodent models are needed, which should be subject to the 3R principle of Russel and Burch: Replace, Reduce and Refine. This review aims to summarize the current available experimental rodent models for studying vascular calcification and their quantification methods. Vascular calcification is a multifaceted disease and a significant contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The calcification deposits in the vessel wall can vary in size and localization. Various pathophysiological pathways may be involved in disease progression. With respect to the calcification diversity, a great number of research models and detection methods have been established in basic research, relying mostly on rodent models. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the currently available rodent models and quantification methods for vascular calcification, emphasizing animal burden and assessing prospects to use available methods in a way to address the 3R principles of Russel and Burch: Replace, Reduce and Refine.

Automated summary

Arterial vessel diseases, particularly vascular calcification, are major contributors to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. With various pathophysiological pathways involved, numerous rodent models and detection methods have been established for basic research. The aim is to provide an overview of available rodent models and quantification methods, emphasizing adherence to the 3R principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement.