Osmotic stress and vesiculation as key mechanisms controlling bacterial sensitivity and resistance to TiO2 nanoparticles

Toxicity mechanisms of metal oxide nanoparticles towards bacteria and underlying roles of membrane composition are still debated. Herein, the response of lipopolysaccharide-truncated Escherichia coli K12 mutants to TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO(2)NPs, exposure in dark) is addressed at the molecular, single cell, and population levels by transcriptomics, fluorescence assays, cell nanomechanics and electrohydrodynamics. We show that outer core-free lipopolysaccharides featuring intact inner core increase cell sensitivity to TiO(2)NPs. TiO(2)NPs operate as membrane strippers, which induce osmotic stress, inactivate cell osmoregulation and initiate lipid peroxidation, which ultimately leads to genesis of membrane vesicles. In itself, truncation of lipopolysaccharide inner core triggers membrane permeabilization/depolarization, lipid peroxidation and hypervesiculation. In turn, it favors the regulation of TiO2NP-mediated changes in cell Turgor stress and leads to efficient vesicle-facilitated release of damaged membrane components. Remarkably, vesicles further act as electrostatic baits for TiO(2)NPs, thereby mitigating TiO(2)NPs toxicity. Altogether, we highlight antagonistic lipopolysaccharide-dependent bacterial responses to nanoparticles and we show that the destabilized membrane can generate unexpected resistance phenotype. Pagnout et al investigate the multiscale response of deep rough Escherichia coli mutants to TiO2 nanoparticle exposure and find that TiO2 strips the cell membrane, which triggers osmotic and then oxidative stresses. Depending on their lipopolysaccharide surface-phenotype, the bacteria respond by releasing membrane vesicles that act as electrostatic baits for TiO2 nanoparticles.

Automated summary

This study investigates the response of lipopolysaccharide-truncated Escherichia coli mutants to TiO2 nanoparticles, showing that different lipopolysaccharide surface phenotypes can affect bacterial sensitivity to the nanoparticles. TiO2 nanoparticles strip the cell membrane, leading to osmotic stress, oxidative stress, and the formation of membrane vesicles, which can act as electrostatic baits for the nanoparticles, highlighting an antagonistic bacterial response to nanoparticle toxicity.