期刊
ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS
卷 4, 期 9, 页码 10356-10367出版社
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c02281
关键词
recovered LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) cathode materials; iron impurities; spent LIB recycling process; cation mixing degree; XPS depth profiling technique
资金
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
- Vehicle Technologies Office
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science [DE-AC02-06CH11357]
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-06CH11357]
The study demonstrates that iron impurities with different valence states and concentrations have varying effects on the obtained LIBs cathodes, with Fe3+ impurities leading to decreased performance and Fe2+ impurities potentially improving the electrochemical properties. The valence and concentration of iron impurities should be carefully considered and controlled during the recycling process design for spent LIBs.
Iron impurities are generally included in the obtained leaching liquor solution during the hydrometallurgical recycling method of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to the usage of iron in battery casings and machinery parts of recycling equipment, which would definitely affect the physical and electrochemical features of the recovered active materials. In this work, the effects of iron impurity with different valence states (Fe2+ and Fe3+) and gradient concentrations (0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 at. %) for the obtained LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) cathodes are fully studied. It is found that Fe3+ impurity could easily lower the tap density and average size of NCM622 particles and even introduce some impurity phases in the NCM622 structure at high concentration (5.0 at. %), leading to much lower specific capacity, worse rate capability, and cycling performance of the Fe3+-based NCM622 cathode. On contrast, with certain concentrations of Fe2+ impurity (0.2 and 1.0 at. %), the NCM622 cathode material exhibits comparable and much better electrochemical properties compared with the virgin NCM622 materials. Based on these results, the valence of Fe impurity should be considered and controlled as well as its concentration during the recycling process design for spent LIBs.
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