Negative electrode materials for high-energy density Li- and Na-ion batteries

Fabrication of new high-energy batteries is an imperative for both Li-and Na-ion systems in order to consolidate and expand electric transportation and grid storage in a more economic and sustainable way. Current research appears to focus on negative electrodes for high-energy systems that will be discussed in this review with a particular focus on C, Si, and P. This new generation of batteries requires the optimization of Si, and black and red phosphorus in the case of Li-ion technology, and hard carbons, black and red phosphorus for Na-ion systems. At present, Si and hard carbons are closer to their deployment in industry while new phosphorus-based materials still comprise complicated synthetic methods and need a more thorough study before reaching this final step in application.

Automated summary

The fabrication of new high-energy batteries is essential for the advancement of electric transportation and grid storage, with current research focusing on negative electrodes and materials such as C, Si, and P. While Si and hard carbons are closer to industrial deployment, phosphorus-based materials require more thorough study before practical application.