期刊
BRAIN SCIENCES
卷 11, 期 6, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060776
关键词
transcranial sonography; Parkinson's disease; non-motor symptoms; systematic review; depression; apathy; autonomic dysfunction; bladder dysfunction; restless legs syndrome; sleep disorders; cognitive disorders; dementia; hallucinations; apathy
Literature research demonstrates that brainstem raphe hypoechogenicity is related to depression in both PD and non-PD patients, as well as overactive bladder. Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity is common in patients with visual hallucinations, and larger intracranial ventricles are correlated with dementia. The evaluation of the vagus nerve shows contradictory findings.
Non-motor symptoms (NMS) in Parkinson's disease (PD), including neuropsychiatric or dysautonomic complaints, fatigue, or pain, are frequent and have a high impact on the patient's quality of life. They are often poorly recognized and inadequately treated. In the recent years, the growing awareness of NMS has favored the development of techniques that complement the clinician's diagnosis. This review provides an overview of the most important ultrasonographic findings related to the presence of various NMS. Literature research was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception until January 2021, retrieving 23 prospective observational studies evaluating transcranial and cervical ultrasound in depression, dementia, dysautonomic symptoms, psychosis, and restless leg syndrome. Overall, the eligible articles showed good or fair quality according to the QUADAS-2 assessment. Brainstem raphe hypoechogenicity was related to the presence of depression in PD and also in depressed patients without PD, as well as to overactive bladder. Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity was frequent in patients with visual hallucinations, and larger intracranial ventricles correlated with dementia. Evaluation of the vagus nerve showed contradictory findings. The results of this systematic review demonstrated that transcranial ultrasound can be a useful complementary tool in the evaluation of NMS in PD.
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