Banana stem based activated carbon as a low-cost adsorbent for methylene blue removal: Isotherm, kinetics, and reusability

A low-cost activated carbon from the banana stem (ACBS) was produced to contribute to environmental preservation in removing methylene blue from wastewater. It is originated from abundant agricultural waste and produced at moderate pyrolysis temperature and short pyrolisis time. In the ACBS production, the banana stem was impregnated with H3PO4 solution as the activating agent and followed by pyrolysis at 400 degrees C for a rapid time of 15 min. The treatment significantly improved the ACBS surface area to 837.453 m(2)/g. The influence of the ACBS dose and initial concentration of dye solution at various contact times were investigated in this study. The utilization of ACBS in low doses exhibited high removal efficiency of methylene blue (0.05 to 0.3 g/100 mL). It can remove methylene blue completely in 90 min of adsorption with an initial concentration of 50 g/mL. High removal efficiencies are still also demonstrated at higher initial concentrations with 99.762% removal for the initial concentration of 200 g/mL. Equilibrium adsorption data had the best agreement to the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics model. It is predicted that ACBS has a maximum adsorption capacity of 101.01 mg/g. ACBS is an environmentally benign and favorable adsorbent in methylene blue removal and also effective for repeated usage up to 6 consecutive times with no desorption step. (C) 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.

Automated summary

A low-cost activated carbon from banana stem (ACBS) was successfully used to remove methylene blue from wastewater. The ACBS had a high surface area and exhibited efficient removal of methylene blue, even at high initial concentrations. The adsorption data followed the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics model. ACBS is environmentally friendly and can be used repeatedly.