期刊
MICROORGANISMS
卷 9, 期 6, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061276
关键词
toxin-antitoxin system; mobile genetic elements; stress response; plasmid maintenance; bacteria virulence; biofilm
类别
资金
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia [G1145914]
TA systems, commonly found in bacterial chromosomes and MGEs, play important roles in maintaining genetic material and regulating bacterial physiology, although there are still controversies surrounding their functions.
After the first discovery in the 1980s in F-plasmids as a plasmid maintenance system, a myriad of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems has been identified in bacterial chromosomes and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), including plasmids and bacteriophages. TA systems are small genetic modules that encode a toxin and its antidote and can be divided into seven types based on the nature of the antitoxin molecules and their mechanism of action to neutralise toxins. Among them, type II TA systems are widely distributed in chromosomes and plasmids and the best studied so far. Maintaining genetic material may be the major function of type II TA systems associated with MGEs, but the chromosomal TA systems contribute largely to functions associated with bacterial physiology, including the management of different stresses, virulence and pathogenesis. Due to growing interest in TA research, extensive work has been conducted in recent decades to better understand the physiological roles of these chromosomally encoded modules. However, there are still controversies about some of the functions associated with different TA systems. This review will discuss the most current findings and the bona fide functions of bacterial type II TA systems.
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