Sphingolipid Profile during Cotton Fiber Growth Revealed That a Phytoceramide Containing Hydroxylated and Saturated VLCFA Is Important for Fiber Cell Elongation

Cotton fiber is a single-celled seed trichrome that arises from the epidermis of the ovule's outer integument. The fiber cell displays high polar expansion and thickens but not is disrupted by cell division. Therefore, it is an ideal model for studying the growth and development of plant cells. Sphingolipids are important components of membranes and are also active molecules in cells. However, the sphingolipid profile during fiber growth and the differences in sphingolipid metabolism at different developmental stages are still unclear. In this study, we detected that there were 6 classes and 95 molecular species of sphingolipids in cotton fibers by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UHPLC-MS/MS). Among these, the phytoceramides (PhytoCer) contained the most molecular species, and the PhytoCer content was highest, while that of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) was the lowest. The content of PhytoCer, phytoceramides with hydroxylated fatty acyls (PhytoCer-OHFA), phyto-glucosylceramides (Phyto-GluCer), and glycosyl-inositol-phospho-ceramides (GIPC) was higher than that of other classes in fiber cells. With the development of fiber cells, phytosphingosine-1-phosphate (t-S1P) and PhytoCer changed greatly. The sphingolipid molecular species Ceramide (Cer) d18:1/26:1, PhytoCer t18:1/26:0, PhytoCer t18:0/26:0, PhytoCer t18:1/h20:0, PhytoCer t18:1/h26:0, PhytoCer t18:0/h26:0, and GIPC t18:0/h16:0 were significantly enriched in 10-DPA fiber cells while Cer d18:1/20:0, Cer d18:1/22:0, and GIPC t18:0/h18:0 were significantly enriched in 20-DPA fiber cells, indicating that unsaturated PhytoCer containing hydroxylated and saturated very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) play some role in fiber cell elongation. Consistent with the content analysis results, the related genes involved in long chain base (LCB) hydroxylation and unsaturation as well as VLCFA synthesis and hydroxylation were highly expressed in rapidly elongating fiber cells. Furthermore, the exogenous application of a potent inhibitor of serine palmitoyltransferase, myriocin, severely blocked fiber cell elongation, and the exogenous application of sphingosine antagonized the inhibition of myriocin for fiber elongation. Taking these points together, we concluded that sphingolipids play crucial roles in fiber cell elongation and SCW deposition. This provides a new perspective for further studies on the regulatory mechanism of the growth and development of cotton fiber cells.

Automated summary

Cotton fibers contain a diverse range of sphingolipids, with phytoceramides being the most abundant. As fiber cells develop, certain sphingolipid molecular species show significant changes in content, suggesting that unsaturated phytoceramides containing hydroxylated fatty acids play a role in cell elongation.