期刊
ANIMALS
卷 11, 期 8, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ani11082410
关键词
pig welfare; long-distance transport; enthalpy; thermal stress; meat pH
资金
- Madrid Community as part of the project NEWGAN [P2009/AGR-1704]
- UK Government Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) [AW0940]
- Madrid Community as part of the project MEDGAN [P2013/ABI2913]
Long-distance transport in the global swine industry can adversely affect pigs, with winter journeys causing more stress response and impacts on meat pH due to abrupt variations in air temperature change and enthalpy rates. Developing new environmental control strategies to mitigate these effects is important to reduce the biological cost of long-distance transport on animals.
Simple Summary Long-distance transport in the global swine industry is more the rule than the exception. We tested the impact on the rates of temperature change and air enthalpy on the stress response and muscle pH in pigs subjected to long-distance travel from Spain to Portugal performed in the summer and winter. We found that winter journeys are more adverse for the animals because during the journey, abrupt variations in rates of temperature change and air enthalpy caused a marked physiological stress response and effects on the meat pH after 45 min. These results indicate the need to develop new environmental control strategies that mitigate abrupt temperature changes during travel to attenuate the biological cost of such long-distance transport on the animals. Current legislation in the European Union places limits on live pig transport according to outside temperature, but less is known about the effects of sudden changes in the thermal microenvironment in trailers, particularly during long-distance transport. In this study, we measured the temperature and relative humidity inside livestock vehicles carrying 1920 Spanish finisher pigs (live weight 100 kg and 240 animals per journey) during eight long-distance (>15 h) commercial journeys to slaughter from northern Spain to Portugal in the summer and winter. Here, we report the rate of change in the air temperature (degrees C x min(-1)) and air enthalpies in the transport vehicle (kg water kg dry air-1). At sticking, blood samples were taken for to measure cortisol, glucose, and creatine kinase (CK) as stress response indicators, and the meat pH after 45 min and the pH after 24 h were also determined. The rate of change in the air temperature and enthalpy was higher inside the livestock vehicle during the winter months and was positively related with higher cortisol and glucose levels and lower pH after 45 min (p < 0.05). It is proposed that the rate of temperature change and air enthalpy represent useful integrated indices of thermal stress for pigs during transport.
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