Feedback Control of Melt Pool Area in Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing Process

Selective laser melting (SLM), a metal powder fusion additive manufacturing process, has the potential to manufacture complex components for aerospace and biomedical implants. Large-scale adaptation of these technologies is hampered due to the presence of defects such as porosity and part distortion. Nonuniform melt pool size is a major cause of these defects. The melt pool size changes due to heat from the previous powder bed tracks. In this work, the effect of heat sourced from neighbouring tracks was modelled and feedback control was designed. The objective of control is to regulate the melt pool cross-sectional area rejecting the effect of heat from neighbouring tracks within a layer of the powder bed. The SLM process's thermal model was developed using the energy balance of lumped melt pool volume. The disturbing heat from neighbouring tracks was modelled as the initial temperature of the melt pool. Combining the thermal model with disturbance model resulted in a nonlinear model describing melt pool evolution. The PID, a classical feedback control approach, was used to minimize the effect of intertrack disturbance on the melt pool area. The controller was tuned for the desired melt pool area in a known environment. Simulation results revealed that the proposed controller regulated the desired melt pool area during the scan of multiple tracks of a powder layer within 16 milliseconds and within a length of 0.04 mm reducing laser power by 10% approximately in five tracks. This reduced the chance of pore formation. Hence, it enhances the quality of components manufactured using the SLM process, reducing defects.

Automated summary

This study proposed a model to account for heat from neighboring tracks in selective laser melting (SLM) process and designed a feedback control to regulate the melt pool cross-sectional area, reducing the impact of heat from nearby tracks. By combining the thermal model with the disturbance model, a nonlinear model describing the melt pool evolution was established, and a PID controller was used to minimize the effect of intertrack disturbance on the melt pool area. Simulation results demonstrated that the controller could effectively regulate the desired melt pool area within a short time frame, enhancing the quality of components and reducing defects in the SLM process.