期刊
PHARMACEUTICS
卷 13, 期 6, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060770
关键词
biological fate; degradation; drug delivery; molecular imaging; fluorescence microscopy; Raman microscopy
资金
- National Science Centre of Poland [OPUS: 2019/33/B/ST5/01495]
- H2020-MSCA-ITN-2018 Nanocarb project [814236]
Nanoformulations offer advantages in enhancing drug solubility, biocompatibility, and bioavailability, reducing side effects. Despite limited research on stability and degradation of nanocarriers in biological environments, techniques exist for tracing the fate of nanocarriers, including their degradation and drug release intra- and extracellularly. Fluorescence techniques and nuclear imaging are commonly used to track nanocarriers in research on nanoformulations.
Nanoformulations offer multiple advantages over conventional drug delivery, enhancing solubility, biocompatibility, and bioavailability of drugs. Nanocarriers can be engineered with targeting ligands for reaching specific tissue or cells, thus reducing the side effects of payloads. Following systemic delivery, nanocarriers must deliver encapsulated drugs, usually through nanocarrier degradation. A premature degradation, or the loss of the nanocarrier coating, may prevent the drug's delivery to the targeted tissue. Despite their importance, stability and degradation of nanocarriers in biological environments are largely not studied in the literature. Here we review techniques for tracing the fate of nanocarriers, focusing on nanocarrier degradation and drug release both intracellularly and in vivo. Intracellularly, we will discuss different fluorescence techniques: confocal laser scanning microscopy, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, lifetime imaging, flow cytometry, etc. We also consider confocal Raman microscopy as a label-free technique to trace colocalization of nanocarriers and drugs. In vivo we will consider fluorescence and nuclear imaging for tracing nanocarriers. Positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography are used for a quantitative assessment of nanocarrier and payload biodistribution. Strategies for dual radiolabelling of the nanocarriers and the payload for tracing carrier degradation, as well as the efficacy of the payload delivery in vivo, are also discussed.
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