The Role of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Pediatric Leukemia

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers potentially curative treatment for many children with high-risk or relapsed acute leukemia (AL), thanks to the combination of intense preparative radio/chemotherapy and the graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect. Over the years, progress in high-resolution donor typing, choice of conditioning regimen, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis and supportive care measures have continuously improved overall transplant outcome, and recent successes using alternative donors have extended the potential application of allotransplantation to most patients. In addition, the importance of minimal residual disease (MRD) before and after transplantation is being increasingly clarified and MRD-directed interventions may be employed to further ameliorate leukemia-free survival after allogeneic HSCT. These advances have occurred in parallel with continuous refinements in chemotherapy protocols and the development of targeted therapies, which may redefine the indications for HSCT in the coming years. This review discusses the role of HSCT in childhood AL by analysing transplant indications in both acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemia, together with current and most promising strategies to further improve transplant outcome, including optimization of conditioning regimen and MRD-directed interventions.

Automated summary

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) provides a potentially curative treatment for high-risk or relapsed acute leukemia in children by combining intense preparative radio/chemotherapy with the graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect. Advances in donor typing, conditioning regimens, GvHD prophylaxis, and MRD-directed interventions have continuously improved transplant outcomes, expanding the potential application of allotransplantation to most patients. Simultaneously, refinements in chemotherapy protocols and targeted therapies may redefine the indications for HSCT in the future.