Thermal model for the directed energy deposition of composite coatings of 316L stainless steel enriched with tungsten carbides

This work focuses on the thermal modeling of the Directed Energy Deposition of a composite coating (316L stainless steel reinforced by Tungsten carbides) on a 316L substrate. The developed finite element model predicts the thermal history and the melt pool dimension evolution in the middle section of the clad during deposition. Numerical results were correlated with experimental analysis (light optical and scanning electron microscopies and thermocouple records) to validate the model and discuss the possible solidification mechanisms. It was proven that implementation of forced convection in the boundary conditions was of great importance to ensure equilibrium between input energy and heat losses. The maximum peak temperature shows a slight increase trend for the first few layers, followed by an apparent stabilization with increasing clad height. That demonstrates the high heat loss through boundaries. While in literature, most of the modeling studies are focused on single or few layer geometries, this work describes a multi-layered model able to predict the thermal field history during deposition and give consistent data about the new materiel. The model can be applied on other shapes under re calibration. The methodology of calibration is detailed as well as the sensitivity analysis to input parameters. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Automated summary

This study focuses on developing a finite element model to predict the thermal history and melt pool dimension evolution in the middle section of the clad; experimental analysis confirmed the importance of forced convection in the boundary conditions to maintain balance between input energy and heat loss; the research shows a slight increase trend in maximum peak temperature for the first few layers, followed by stabilization.