Organic Corn Production Practices and Profitability in the Eastern US Corn Belt

Efforts to assess and improve the sustainability performance of the growing organic farming sector depend on an accurate understanding of farm structure and management practices. To contribute to the dearth of literature in this area, we conducted a survey of over 850 certified organic corn growers in four states (Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania) in the spring of 2018. Findings show that most organic corn growers in this region had diversified livestock operations (mostly dairy) on relatively small farms (10-100 ha), which contrasts with trends of specialization and growth in farm size. More than half were dairy farmers, and nearly two-thirds farmed with horses (likely Amish). Soil fertility and health were managed by the use of manure, cover crops, forages, and a variety of other soil amendments. Organic corn growers relied heavily on moldboard plow tillage. All producers had positive net returns to labor and management in 2017, though net returns varied widely across operations. The results have implications for assessing the sustainability of organic farming systems, and for designing scientific research and extension/outreach programs to ensure they address the needs of the diverse organic farming population in this region.

Automated summary

The survey found that most organic corn growers in the region had small farms with diversified livestock operations, and emphasized soil fertility and health management. Organic corn growers heavily relied on moldboard plow tillage, and all producers had positive net returns to labor and management in 2017. These findings have implications for assessing the sustainability of organic farming systems and designing research programs to meet the needs of the diverse organic farming population in the region.