Effectors of Plant Necrotrophic Fungi

Plant diseases caused by necrotrophic fungal pathogens result in large economic losses in field crop production worldwide. Effectors are important players of plant-pathogen interaction and deployed by pathogens to facilitate plant colonization and nutrient acquisition. Compared to biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens, effector biology is poorly understood for necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Recent bioinformatics advances have accelerated the prediction and discovery of effectors from necrotrophic fungi, and their functional context is currently being clarified. In this review we examine effectors utilized by necrotrophic fungi and hemibiotrophic fungi in the latter stages of disease development, including plant cell death manipulation. We define effectors as secreted proteins and other molecules that affect plant physiology in ways that contribute to disease establishment and progression. Studying and understanding the mechanisms of necrotrophic effectors is critical for identifying avenues of genetic intervention that could lead to improved resistance to these pathogens in plants.

Automated summary

Plant diseases caused by necrotrophic fungal pathogens lead to significant economic losses in global field crop production. Effector proteins play a crucial role in facilitating plant colonization and nutrient acquisition by pathogens. Despite limited understanding, recent bioinformatics advancements have aided in predicting and discovering effector molecules from necrotrophic fungi, shedding light on their functional context. Understanding the mechanisms of necrotrophic effectors is essential for developing genetic interventions to enhance plant resistance against these pathogens.