期刊
FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE
卷 12, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.732947
关键词
phytochrome; photobodies; biomolecular condensates; liquid-liquid phase separation; intrinsically disordered protein
资金
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Genomic Science Program [DE-SC0021286]
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-SC0021286] Funding Source: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
Light is essential for plants, with phytochromes playing a crucial role in mediating physiological processes such as seedling germination and flowering. Photobodies, which are subnuclear compartments formed by phytochromes in response to red light, regulate phytochrome-mediated signaling and physiological outputs. The exact function, composition, and biogenesis of photobodies remain unclear, but they have been suggested to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation based on cellular dynamics and internal components. Understanding these processes can potentially help improve sunlight capture and the fitness of important crops.
Light is a critical environmental stimulus for plants, serving as an energy source via photosynthesis and a signal for developmental programming. Plants perceive light through various light-responsive proteins, termed photoreceptors. Phytochromes are red-light photoreceptors that are highly conserved across kingdoms. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, phytochrome B serves as a light and thermal sensor, mediating physiological processes such as seedling germination and establishment, hypocotyl growth, chlorophyll biogenesis, and flowering. In response to red light, phytochromes convert to a biologically active form, translocating from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and further compartmentalizes into subnuclear compartments termed photobodies. PhyB photobodies regulate phytochrome-mediated signaling and physiological outputs. However, photobody function, composition, and biogenesis remain undefined since their discovery. Based on photobody cellular dynamics and the properties of internal components, photobodies have been suggested to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation, a process by which some membraneless compartments form. Here, we explore photobodies as environmental sensors, examine the role of their protein constituents, and outline the biophysical perspective that photobodies may be undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation. Understanding the molecular, cellular, and biophysical processes that shape how plants perceive light will help in engineering improved sunlight capture and fitness of important crops.
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