4.7 Editorial Material

Ticks: More Than Just a Pathogen Delivery Service

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Tick saliva and its role in pathogen transmission

Patricia A. A. Nuttall

Summary: Tick saliva is a complex mixture that aids engorgement and undergoes changes during feeding. Ixodid ticks, especially Ixodes ricinus in Europe, transmit various pathogens. These tick-borne pathogens exploit saliva-induced modulation of host responses to promote their transmission, known as saliva-assisted transmission (SAT). Research on the factors involved in SAT not only provides insights into the survival of tick-borne pathogens in nature but also opens new avenues for vaccine development.

WIENER KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT (2023)

Review Fisheries

The antiviral immunity of ticks against transmitted viral pathogens

Melbourne Rio Talactac et al.

Summary: Ticks, as obligate hematophagous arthropods, are exposed to various blood-borne pathogens, including arboviruses, and their feeding behavior can transmit economically important viral pathogens to humans and animals. The replication and transmission of tick-borne viruses must be carefully regulated by their tick vectors to avoid negative effects on tick development. However, research on the tick-virus interface lags behind that of mosquitoes, due to the complexity of tick feeding behavior, limiting the understanding of tick immunity against tick-borne viruses.

DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Immunology

Tick salivary gland transcriptomics and proteomics

Larissa Almeida Martins et al.

Summary: The use of 'omics' technologies has allowed for the identification of numerous tick molecules involved in tick feeding and disease transmission. Deep sequencing methods have been crucial in studying disease vectors without reference genomes. Understanding the tick 'sialome' through functional analysis is important for developing strategies to prevent pathogen transmission and discovering new pharmacologically active compounds for human diseases.

PARASITE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Review Immunology

Update on the intricate tango between tick microbiomes and tick-borne pathogens

Sarah Irene Bonnet et al.

Summary: The recent development of high-throughput NGS technologies has shed light on the complexity and dynamic variability of tick microbial communities, where symbionts and commensals play crucial roles for hosts and nonpathogenic tick bacteria may impact tick-borne pathogen transmission. Understanding the relationships between microorganisms carried by ticks and symbiont-tick interactions has potential implications for future control strategies of arthropod-pest and vector-borne pathogen transmission.

PARASITE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Immunology

Tick-virus interactions: Current understanding and future perspectives

Charles Edward Hart et al.

Summary: Ticks play a crucial role in the transmission of arboviruses and are important components of the viral sylvatic cycle. Research on tick-viral interactions has primarily focused on tick-borne flaviviruses due to their high pathogenicity, while limited work has been done on responses to viral infections. Further studies are needed to fully understand the role of tick-virus interactions in sylvatic cycling and transmission of various tick-borne viruses.

PARASITE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Microbiology

Regulation of Serum Exosomal MicroRNAs in Mice Infected with Orientia tsutsugamushi

Le Jiang et al.

Summary: Exosomes are small vesicles that carry various biomolecules and play important roles in intercellular communication. In scrub typhus infection, there are dynamic regulations of serum exosomal miRNA, which could significantly influence host immune responses and disease outcome.

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Review Immunology

Recent advances in understanding tick and rickettsiae interactions

Shahid Karim et al.

Summary: Ticks are hematophagous arthropods that digest host blood meal with unique molecular mechanisms while acting as vectors for various pathogens. The pharmacologically active saliva of ticks plays a crucial role in modulating the host's immune system for several days to weeks, depending on the tick species. Understanding the interactions between ticks, rickettsiae, and hosts is essential for preventing tick-borne diseases.

PARASITE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Review Environmental Sciences

Changing the Recipe: Pathogen Directed Changes in Tick Saliva Components

Michael Pham et al.

Summary: Ticks are obligatory hematophagous parasites that transmit a wide range of pathogens, including those causing Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis. They secrete pharmacologically active molecules in their saliva to counteract host defense mechanisms and create a conducive environment for pathogen transmission. These bioactive molecules in tick saliva may be manipulated by tick-transmitted pathogens to enhance their survival and evasion of host defenses.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2021)

Article Infectious Diseases

Sialotranscriptomics of the argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata along the trophogonic cycle

Ana Oleaga et al.

Summary: Ornithodoros moubata is the main vector of human relapsing fever and African swine fever in Africa, with its salivary proteins playing essential roles in tick feeding and host infection. The study identified a high complexity and functional redundancy in the sialotranscriptome of O. moubata, providing a valuable reference database for ongoing proteomics studies and confirming the importance of salivary proteins in tick control strategies.

PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES (2021)

Editorial Material Immunology

Editorial: The Role of Saliva in Arthropod-Host-Pathogen Relationships

Lucas Tirloni et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

Article Immunology

Arthropods Under Pressure: Stress Responses and Immunity at the Pathogen-Vector Interface

Kristin L. Rosche et al.

Summary: Understanding the factors influencing the ability of arthropods to host and transmit pathogens is crucial for controlling vector-borne diseases. Arthropod immunity plays a central role in determining vector competence for pathogen acquisition and transmission, with immune responses triggered by microbial infections and stress on the host. Recent studies suggest a close connection between eukaryotic stress responses and innate immunity, with mechanisms such as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and Integrated Stress Response (ISR) impacting immune signaling and potentially affecting vector competence in arthropods.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Review Immunology

Induced Transient Immune Tolerance in Ticks and Vertebrate Host: A Keystone of Tick-Borne Diseases?

Nathalie Boulanger et al.

Summary: Ticks and tick-borne infectious agents are increasing global public health threats due to various factors, such as the abundance of vectors and pathogens. Understanding the interactions between ticks, hosts, and pathogens can lead to the development of novel strategies for tick control and disease prevention. Gaps in our understanding of these relationships were identified as areas for further research to successfully disrupt both tick feeding and pathogen transmission.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Review Immunology

Tick Immune System: What Is Known, the Interconnections, the Gaps, and the Challenges

Andrea C. Fogaca et al.

Summary: Ticks are ectoparasitic arthropods that feed on the blood of vertebrate hosts and can transmit various diseases through their saliva. Researchers are studying the tick immune system to develop new strategies for controlling ticks and tick-borne diseases.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Tick extracellular vesicles enable arthropod feeding and promote distinct outcomes of bacterial infection

Adela S. Oliva Chavez et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles play a role in the transmission of pathogens from arthropods to hosts, with different types of tick-derived vesicles promoting or mitigating bacterial infection outcomes by influencing skin immunity.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Microbiology

Zika Virus Hijacks Extracellular Vesicle Tetraspanin Pathways for Cell-to-Cell Transmission

Sara B. York et al.

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MSPHERE (2021)

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Immunometabolism in Arthropod Vectors: Redefining Interspecies Relationships

Sourabh Samaddar et al.

TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY (2020)

Review Immunology

The Vector-Host-Pathogen Interface: The Next Frontier in the Battle Against Mosquito-Borne Viral Diseases?

Maria Gorreti Onyango et al.

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Proteomic Analysis of Exosome-Like Vesicles Isolated From Saliva of the Tick Haemaphysalis longicornis

Mohsin Nawaz et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Message in a vesicle - trans-kingdom intercommunication at the vector-host interface

Adele S. O. Chavez et al.

JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE (2019)

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Prediction of T4SS Effector Proteins for Anaplasma phagocytophilum Using OPT4e, A New Software Tool

Zhila Esna Ashari et al.

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p47 licenses activation of the immune deficiency pathway in the tick Ixodes scapularis

Erin E. McClure Carroll et al.

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Arthropod EVs mediate dengue virus transmission through interaction with a tetraspanin domain containing glycoprotein Tsp29Fb

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Vector Immunity and Evolutionary Ecology: The Harmonious Dissonance

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Pathogen-mediated manipulation of arthropod microbiota to promote infection

Nabil M. Abraham et al.

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Metabolic differentiation of early Lyme disease from southern tick-associated rash illness ( STARI)

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Modulation of the tick gut milieu by a secreted tick protein favors Borrelia burgdorferi colonization

Sukanya Narasimhan et al.

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Infection-derived lipids elicit an immune deficiency circuit in arthropods

Dana K. Shaw et al.

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Microbial Invasion vs. Tick Immune Regulation

Daniel E. Sonenshine et al.

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Tick Humoral Responses: Marching to the Beat of a Different Drummer

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The transcription factor Relish controls Anaplasma marginale infection in the bovine tick Rhipicephalus microplus

J. Capelli-Peixoto et al.

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Cross-Species Interferon Signaling Boosts Microbicidal Activity within the Tick Vector

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Comparative Genomics Reveals the Origins and Diversity of Arthropod Immune Systems

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