Aerodynamic characteristics in upper airways among orthodontic patients and its association with adenoid nasopharyngeal ratios in lateral cephalograms

Background Adenoid hypertrophy among orthodontic patients may be detected in lateral cephalograms. The study investigates the aerodynamic characteristics within the upper airway (UA) by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Furthermore, airflow features are compared between subgroups according to the adenoidal nasopharyngeal (AN) ratios. Methods This retrospective study included thirty-five patients aged 9-15 years having both lateral cephalogram and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging that covered the UA region. The cases were divided into two subgroups according to the AN ratios measured on the lateral cephalograms: Group 1 with an AN ratio < 0.6 and Group 2 with an AN ratio >= 0.6. Based on the CBCT images, segmented UA models were created and the aerodynamic characteristics at inspiration and expiration were simulated by the CFD method for the two groups. The studied aerodynamic parameters were pressure drop (Delta P), maximum midsagittal velocity (V-ms), maximum wall shear stress (P-ws), and minimum wall static pressure (P-w). Results The maximum V-ms exhibits nearly 30% increases in Group 2 at both inspiration (p = 0.013) and expiration (p = 0.045) compared to Group 1. For the other aerodynamic parameters such as Delta P, the maximum P-ws, and minimum P-w, no significant difference is found between the two groups. Conclusions The maximum V-ms seems to be the most sensitive aerodynamic parameter for the groups of cases. An AN ratio of more than 0.6 measured on a lateral cephalogram may associate with a noticeably increased maximum V-ms, which could assist clinicians in estimating the airflow features in the UA.

Automated summary

Adenoid hypertrophy in orthodontic patients can be detected in lateral cephalograms. This study compared airflow characteristics in the upper airway using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, based on adenoidal nasopharyngeal (AN) ratios in different subgroups. The results showed that the maximum midsagittal velocity (V-ms) was significantly higher in cases with an AN ratio >= 0.6 compared to those with an AN ratio < 0.6, indicating that V-ms may be a sensitive parameter for assessing airflow features in the upper airway.