Making the most of expert knowledge to analyse archaeological data: a case study on Parthian and Sasanian glazed pottery

Chemical compositional data sets of archaeological artefacts are often analysed using standard statistical procedures. Adopting a different approach, we examine the major element oxides found in Parthian and Sasanian glazed pottery by identifying statistically important ratios of oxides in conjunction with the expert knowledge of the archaeological scientist during, rather than after, the identification process. This results in meaningful ratios, both statistically and archaeologically, which help identify the recipes and production practices used by Mesopotamian glass and glaze producers. The application of logratio analysis to interrogate the chronological groups suggests that the silica sources used for glazes were significantly purer in later periods and exhibited less variation. Comparing the expert-assisted selection of ratios derived from a legacy data set to the ratios from compositional data of Parthian glazed pottery recovered at the early 3rd century CE Roman military outpost of Ain Sinu in northern Iraq supports the hypothesis that there was a shift to more standardised recipes in the production of glass used for glazes. If this translates to a centralised glass-making industry, it would suggest that there are, as yet, undiscovered glass production centres, potentially in areas associated with increased urbanisation in southern Mesopotamia around the time of the Parthian-Sasanian transition.

Automated summary

Analyzing the chemical compositions of Parthian and Sasanian glazed pottery using statistical methods and expert knowledge can help identify the production practices of Mesopotamian glass and glaze producers. It was found that the silica sources used in later glazes were purer and more standardized. This suggests the possibility of undiscovered glass production centers associated with urbanization in southern Mesopotamia during the Parthian-Sasanian transition.