期刊
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
卷 9, 期 24, 页码 8214-8221出版社
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c02133
关键词
battery recycling; end-of-life battery; direct cathode recycling; redox mediator; quinone
资金
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
- Vehicle Technologies Office
The increasing popularity of electric vehicles will lead to a substantial amount of lithium-ion battery waste, highlighting the importance of recycling and reusing cathode materials. Research shows that certain quinone-based redox mediators can efficiently relithiate end-of-life cathode materials, making them ready for new battery production.
The ongoing surge of electric vehicle (EV) adoption forecasts an unprecedented amount of lithium-ion battery wastes in the near future. Since cathode materials have the highest economic and engineering values, it is essential to recycle and reuse the end-of-life (EOL) cathode materials. Here, we show that redox mediators can deliver lithium ions and electrons from a lithium source to the cathode, efficiently relithiate the EOL cathode materials, and make them ready for new battery production after a postheat treatment. We have found that some quinone-based redox mediators, especially 3,5-di-tert-butyl-o-benzoquinone (DTBQ), can shuttle the charges very fast between Li metal and EOL cathode. Reduction of DTBQ on lithium is evidenced by chemical changes of Li metal and DTBQ, and successful relithiation of the EOL cathode by the subsequent oxidation of DTBQ is verified by electrochemical and structural evaluations.
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