4.7 Article

Controlled Production of Zearalenone-Glucopyranoside Standards with Cunninghamella Strains Using Sulphate-Depleted Media

期刊

TOXINS
卷 13, 期 6, 页码 -

出版社

MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060366

关键词

modified mycotoxins; zearalenone; zearalanone; beta-zearalenol; conjugated; masked; fungi; Cunninghamella; biotransformation

资金

  1. Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs

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This study demonstrates the controlled biotransformation of ZEN glycosides by Cunninghamella strains, showing significant differences in the production of ZEN glycosides between different strains.
In recent years, conjugated mycotoxins have gained increasing interest in food safety, as their hydrolysis in human and animal intestines leads to an increase in toxicity. For the production of zearalenone (ZEN) glycosides reference standards, we applied Cunninghamella elegans and Cunninghamella echinulata fungal strains. A sulphate-depleted medium was designed for the preferred production of ZEN glycosides. Both Cunninghamella strains were able to produce zearalenone-14-beta-D-glucopyranoside (Z14G), zearalenone-16-beta-D-glucopyranoside (Z16G) and zearalenone-14-sulphate (Z14S). In a rich medium, Cunninghamella elegans preferably produced Z14S, while Cunninghamella echinulata preferably produced Z14G. In the sulphate-depleted medium a dramatic change was observed for Cunninghamella elegans, showing preferred production of Z14G and Z16G. From 2 mg of ZEN in sulphate-depleted medium, 1.94 mg of Z14G and 0.45 mg of Z16G were produced. Following preparative Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) purification, both fractions were submitted to H-1 and C-13 NMR and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). These analyses confirmed that the purified fractions were indeed Z14G and Z16G. In conclusion, the presented research shows that a single Cunninghamella strain can be an effective and efficient tool for the controlled biotransformation of ZEN glycosides and other ZEN metabolites. Additionally, the biotransformation method was extended to zearalanone, beta-zearalenol and other mycotoxins.

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