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What Could Explain the Lower COVID-19 Burden in Africa despite Considerable Circulation of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus?

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2021)

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The Impact of Health Disparities on COVID-19 Outcomes: Early Findings from a High-Income Country and Two Middle-Income Countries

Gail Denise Hughes et al.

Summary: This paper examines the relationship of race/ethnicity with COVID-19-associated factors in the USA, Brazil, and South Africa, finding that specific ethnicities in these countries are at higher risk and experience adverse health outcomes, which are linked to exposure, disease burden, and socioeconomic determinants.

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Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis

Marcos Pereira et al.

Summary: This systematic review and meta-analysis found that vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher prevalence in severe cases of COVID-19. Vitamin D insufficiency is also linked to increased hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19.

CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION (2022)

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The urban penalty of COVID-19 lockdowns across the globe: manifestations and lessons for Anglophone sub-Saharan Africa

Innocent Chirisa et al.

Summary: This paper examines the plight of urban poor in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the spread and prevention of COVID-19 among urban poverty. The study finds that COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the urban poor due to urbanization and increased poverty, calling for national, regional, and local level planning and measures to alleviate their suffering.

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Article Agricultural Economics & Policy

COVID-19 Policy Modeling in Sub-Saharan AfricaJEL codes

Valerie Mueller et al.

Summary: After an initial delay, Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing the impact of the pandemic with falling export demand and rising caseloads. Governments have adopted various policies to balance reducing infection rates with economic output loss. The differences in country characteristics across the continent affect the costs and benefits of alternative policy designs.

APPLIED ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES AND POLICY (2021)

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Azithromycin in the treatment of COVID-19: a review

Daniel Echeverria-Esnal et al.

Summary: Azithromycin shows antiviral and immunomodulatory properties, which may be beneficial in treating COVID-19. However, evidence for its use is scarce and of low quality.

EXPERT REVIEW OF ANTI-INFECTIVE THERAPY (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Africa's low COVID-19 mortality rate: A paradox?

Yakubu Lawal

Summary: The study found that Africa's lower COVID-19 mortality rate is due to its younger population age structure, lower life expectancy, lower pre-COVID-19 era mortality rate for those over 65, and fewer people living with cardiovascular diseases.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Addressing Africa's pandemic puzzle: Perspectives on COVID-19 transmission and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa

Hassan H. Musa et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has spread to almost every region of the world, but the number of cases in Africa has been relatively low, possibly due to the continent's experience with infectious diseases and young population. Despite this, it is still important for African countries to adopt aggressive measures to prevent a rapid increase in cases.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity in Asymptomatic Frontline Health Workers in Ibadan, Nigeria

Olatunde Olayanju et al.

Summary: Despite the predicted high magnitude of the pandemic in Africa due to poor health structures and living conditions, surprisingly, a study in a hospital in Nigeria found a high seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among frontline health workers, indicating the need for stricter precautions within the hospital environment.

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A COVID-19 prophylaxis? Lower incidence associated with prophylactic administration of ivermectin

Martin D. Hellwig et al.

Summary: As COVID-19 continues to rapidly spread globally, countries with routine mass drug administration of prophylactic chemotherapy including ivermectin have shown significantly lower incidence rates. This observation suggests a potential correlation between ivermectin's ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and lower infection rates.

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High prevalence of pre-existing serological cross-reactivity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in sub-Saharan Africa

For Yue Tso et al.

Summary: The study found a higher prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive antibodies in pre-pandemic plasma samples from SSA compared to the USA, indicating potential cross-protection due to prior exposure to other coronaviruses in SSA. The detection of nucleocapsid proteins from HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E in most samples suggests these viruses as the likely sources of cross-reactive antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The low incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease in SSA may be correlated with pre-pandemic serological cross-recognition of HCoVs, which are more prevalent in SSA than the USA.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Africa Succeeded Against COVID-19's First Wave, but the Second Wave Brings New Challenges

Bridget M. Kuehn

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Outdoor Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses: A Systematic Review

Tommaso Celeste Bulfone et al.

Summary: Studies have shown that only a small proportion of global SARS-CoV-2 infections have occurred outdoors, with indoor transmission being more likely compared to outdoor transmission. There is considerable heterogeneity in study quality and definitions of outdoor settings, which limits the ability to draw definitive conclusions about outdoor transmission risks.

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COVID-19: Does the infectious inoculum dose-response relationship contribute to understanding heterogeneity in disease severity and transmission dynamics?

Wim Van Damme et al.

Summary: The dose of virus in the initial inoculum may be related to the severity of COVID-19 disease and its transmission potential, leading to severe local outbreaks and large-scale epidemics in certain contexts. Further research is needed to validate this hypothesis.

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Genetic mechanisms of critical illness in COVID-19

Erola Pairo-Castineira et al.

Summary: In critically ill patients with COVID-19, host genetic variants associated with antiviral defense mechanisms and inflammatory organ damage were identified through a genome-wide association study. These genetic signals provide potential targets for therapeutic development and repurposing of existing drugs. Large-scale randomized clinical trials will be essential to confirm the effectiveness of targeted treatment strategies.

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The puzzle of the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa

Justin M. Maeda et al.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Mapping community-level determinants of COVID-19 transmission in nursing homes: A multi-scale approach

Margaret M. Sugg et al.

Summary: This study used spatial modeling to find that certain regions in the US had significantly higher COVID-19 cases and deaths among nursing home residents. Risk factors at the nursing home level included total count of fines, total staffing levels, and LPN staffing levels. County-level or place-based factors such as per-capita income, average household size, population density, and minority composition were significant predictors of COVID-19 cases in nursing homes.

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The dual effect of social ties on COVID-19 spread in Japan

Timothy Fraser et al.

Summary: This study investigates the varying COVID-19 outcomes in different communities, finding that areas with strong social ties initially have lower case rates, but struggle with increased case fatality rates in later stages due to a lack of horizontal bonds. The research suggests that social ties and mobility play significant roles in shaping COVID-19 outcomes and highlights the importance of different types of social relationships in a crisis or disaster scenario.

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Factors associated with adherence to COVID-19 prevention measures in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): results of an online survey

John Dinanga Ditekemena et al.

Summary: The study assessed adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and identified factors associated with non-adherence, with only about half of respondents adhering to the measures. Disparities across provinces were remarkable, highlighting the urgent need to further explore reasons for disparities and factors linked to non-adherence.

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Japanese social capital and social vulnerability indices: Measuring drivers of community resilience 2000-2017

Timothy Fraser

Summary: This study developed new social capital and social vulnerability indices for 1741 municipalities in Japan using publicly available data, allowing scholars and policymakers to evaluate specific communities, compare across multiple communities, model their effect on outcomes, and better prepare for future disasters.

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Janaki Imbulana Arachchi et al.

Summary: The study found both positive and negative associations between social capital and COVID-19 deaths, with community attachment and social trust being associated with more deaths, and family bond and security associated with fewer deaths. Additionally, population density, aging population, and interactions between social capital-related factors and the aging population were positively associated with COVID-19 deaths, while the number of hospital beds and early lockdown policies were negatively associated with deaths.

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Variation in SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks across sub-Saharan Africa

Benjamin L. Rice et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shown low burdens in sub-Saharan Africa compared to other regions, potentially influenced by factors such as climate and population demographics. Caution is needed when interpreting analyses that aggregate data from low- and middle-income settings. Heterogeneity in connectivity across sub-Saharan Africa may contribute to variance in the pace of viral spread.

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Knowledge, practice and associated factors towards the prevention of COVID-19 among high-risk groups: A cross-sectional study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Atkure Defar et al.

Summary: The study shows that about half of the participants in high-risk groups in Addis Ababa have poor knowledge on the transmission mode of COVID-19, but six out of ten have good knowledge on prevention methods. Preventive measures towards COVID-19 were found to be low, and factors such as occupation, age, income, and religion were associated with knowledge and practice.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Higher SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in workers with lower socioeconomic status in Cape Town, South Africa

Jane Alexandra Shaw et al.

Summary: In Cape Town, South Africa, there is a high seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, particularly among those of lower socioeconomic status. Nearly half of cases are asymptomatic, with seropositivity being significantly associated with living conditions, low-income areas, and low-paying occupations.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Impact of temperature and relative humidity on the transmission of COVID-19: a modelling study in China and the United States

Jingyuan Wang et al.

Summary: This study found that temperature and relative humidity have a negative correlation with the transmission of COVID-19, but the impact of these two factors alone on the effective reproductive number is not strong enough to stop the pandemic.

BMJ OPEN (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Covid-19 in Africa

John Tembo et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Covid-19 deaths in Africa: prospective systematic postmortem surveillance study

Lawrence Mwananyanda et al.

Summary: The study found that deaths with covid-19 were common in Lusaka, with most occurring in the community and few being tested before death. This suggests that the impact of covid-19 in Africa may have been vastly underestimated due to under-reporting.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in six districts in Zambia in July, 2020: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey

Lloyd B. Mulenga et al.

Summary: The study revealed a significantly higher estimated number of SARS-CoV-2 infections compared to reported cases in six districts in Zambia. The high rtPCR-positive prevalence indicated community transmission, while the low ELISA-positive prevalence was likely influenced by early mitigation measures. It is important for Zambia to monitor the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and implement measures to reduce transmission.

LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH (2021)

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Editorial Material Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Seroprevalence surveys in sub-Saharan Africa: what do they tell us?

Effua Usuf et al.

LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH (2021)

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Letter Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Challenges in interpreting SARS-CoV-2 serological results in African countries

Antoine Nkuba Ndaye et al.

LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH (2021)

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Editorial Material Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Redesigning health systems for global heath security

Uzma Alam et al.

LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH (2021)

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The Reported Few Cases and Deaths of Covid-19 Epidemic in Africa Are Still Data Too Questionable to Reassure About the Future of This Continent

Maria Grazia Dente et al.

FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH (2021)

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Editorial Material Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Ivory Coast: A Serosurveillance Survey among Gold Mine Workers

Jean Marie Milleliri et al.

Summary: The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was found to be high among gold miners and administrative staff in Ivory Coast, suggesting that the burden of infection in West Africa may have been underestimated.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE (2021)

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Simple quantitative assessment of the outdoor versus indoor airborne transmission of viruses and COVID-19

B. R. Rowe et al.

Summary: The paper develops a simple model to assess the inhaled flow rate of aerosol particles of respiratory origin and its connection to the probability of developing airborne diseases. It demonstrates that outdoor contamination risk is generally significantly lower than indoor risk, except for specific meteorological and topographical situations. The research sheds light on COVID19 spreading patterns in mountain valleys with temperature inversions compared to other less impacted areas.

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DELTA CORONAVIRUS VARIANT: SCIENTISTS BRACE FOR IMPACT

Ewen Callaway

NATURE (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Associations between meteorology and COVID-19 in early studies: Inconsistencies, uncertainties, and recommendations

Gaige Hunter Kerr et al.

Summary: Meteorological variables like temperature and humidity have been widely recognized to influence the seasonal transmission of respiratory viruses and influenza in temperate climates. However, studies on the sensitivity of COVID-19 to these factors lack consensus in their conclusions. Addressing methodological challenges and choosing appropriate scales of analysis will be crucial for future research in this area.

ONE HEALTH (2021)

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Jethro Banda et al.

Summary: In the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi, around half of respondents perceived limited risk of infection with the novel coronavirus, but 72.2% expected to be severely ill if infected. Urban respondents had better knowledge of disease patterns and adopted more protective behaviors compared to rural respondents.

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Summary: The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Europe was in February 2020, leading the WHO to declare it a pandemic in March 2020. Studies have shown that environmental factors can impact the viability and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, necessitating research into indoor and outdoor risk sources. The influence of underestimated factors on the environmental behavior and survival of the virus needs to be considered in efforts to control the current pandemic and prevent future outbreaks.

EURO-MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRATION (2021)

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Chijioke O. Nwosu et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected the health of the poor in South Africa, mainly due to unemployment and income loss leading to reduced access to healthcare and good nutrition. Factors such as race, income, hunger, and employment status significantly contribute to income-related health inequalities during this pandemic. Addressing racial disparities, income inequality, hunger, and unemployment will likely help mitigate these inequalities and improve health outcomes in South Africa.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH (2021)

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Limited Specificity of Serologic Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection, Benin

Anges Yadouleton et al.

Summary: Commercially available ELISAs were used to test 68 samples from coronavirus disease cases and prepandemic controls from Benin, with less than 25% false-positive results noted among controls, likely due to unspecific immune responses elicited by acute malaria. It is important to carefully evaluate serologic tests to assess coronavirus disease spread and immunity in tropical regions.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Kenyan blood donors

Sophie Uyoga et al.

Summary: The prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G among blood donors in Kenya from April to June 2020 was 4.3%, with the highest rates in urban counties like Mombasa, Nairobi, and Kisumu. This suggests that SARS-CoV-2 exposure is more widespread than case-based surveillance indicates.

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Claire Njeri Wamae

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Assessing the age specificity of infection fatality rates for COVID-19: systematic review, meta-analysis, and public policy implications

Andrew T. Levin et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Behavioral measures to fight COVID-19: An 8-country study of perceived usefulness, adherence and their predictors

Jurgen Margraf et al.

PLOS ONE (2020)

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A multi-agent model to study epidemic spreading and vaccination strategies in an urban-like environment

Matthieu Nadini et al.

APPLIED NETWORK SCIENCE (2020)

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Meeting Abstract Hematology

Association of Blood Type on Clinical Outcomes in Black/African Americans Hospitalized for COVID-19 Infection

Yan Cheng et al.

BLOOD (2020)

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Distinguishing between typical Kawasaki disease and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2

Wee Song Yeo et al.

MEDICAL HYPOTHESES (2020)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

COVID-19 in long-term care facilities in South Africa: No time for complacency

Beverley Cowper et al.

SAMJ SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Ethnicity and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Shirley Sze et al.

ECLINICALMEDICINE (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Implementing COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Rapid Diagnostic Tests in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review

Jan Jacobs et al.

FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Singapore COVID-19 Pandemic Response as a Successful Model Framework for Low-Resource Health Care Settings in Africa?

Oppah Kuguyo et al.

OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY (2020)

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Poverty and Covid-19: Rates of Incidence and Deaths in the United States During the First 10 Weeks of the Pandemic

W. Holmes Finch et al.

FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A country level analysis measuring the impact of government actions, country preparedness and socioeconomic factors on COVID-19 mortality and related health outcomes

Rabail Chaudhry et al.

ECLINICALMEDICINE (2020)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

Epidemiological And Health Systems Implications Of Evolving HIV And Hypertension In South Africa And Kenya

Brianna Osetinsky et al.

HEALTH AFFAIRS (2019)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Mass drug administration can be a valuable addition to the malaria elimination toolbox

Thomas P. Eisele

MALARIA JOURNAL (2019)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

A new twenty-first century science for effective epidemic response

Juliet Bedford et al.

NATURE (2019)

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Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990-2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Hebe N. Gouda et al.

LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH (2019)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Community drug distributors for mass drug administration in neglected tropical disease programmes: systematic review and analysis of policy documents

Cara L. Macfarlane et al.

JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH (2019)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Births and deaths must be registered in Africa

Osman Sankoh et al.

Lancet Global Health (2019)

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Rural-Urban Population Growth, Economic Growth and Urban Agglomeration in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Does Williamson-Kuznets Hypothesis Say?

Chigozie Nelson Nkalu et al.

JOURNAL OF ASIAN AND AFRICAN STUDIES (2019)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Nancy Fullman et al.

LANCET (2018)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Prevention of M-tuberculosis Infection with H4:IC31 Vaccine or BCG Revaccination

E. Nemes et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2018)

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Article Microbiology

Non-specific Effect of Vaccines: Immediate Protection against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection by a Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine

Young J. Lee et al.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2018)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Feasibility and safety of mass drug coadministration with azithromycin and ivermectin for the control of neglected tropical diseases: a single-arm intervention trial

Lucia Romani et al.

LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH (2018)

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Review Immunology

Non-specific Effects of Vaccines Illustrated Through the BCG Example: From Observations to Demonstrations

Deeva Uthayakumar et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Engaging 'communities': anthropological insights from the West African Ebola epidemic

A. Wilkinson et al.

PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2017)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Immune Responses in Malaria

Carole A. Long et al.

COLD SPRING HARBOR PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINE (2017)

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Cardiovascular Health in African Americans A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Mercedes R. Carnethon et al.

CIRCULATION (2017)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

Use of traditional medicine in middle-income countries: a WHO-SAGE study

Oyinlola Oyebode et al.

HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING (2016)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Urban-rural differences in daily time-activity patterns, occupational activity and housing characteristics

Carlyn J. Matz et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH (2015)

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Review Cell Biology

Trained innate immunity as underlying mechanism for the long-term, nonspecific effects of vaccines

Bastiaan A. Blok et al.

JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2015)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Transmission network of the 2014-2015 Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone

Wan Yang et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE (2015)

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Quantifying Age-Related Rates of Social Contact Using Diaries in a Rural Coastal Population of Kenya

Moses Chapa Kiti et al.

PLOS ONE (2014)

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Review Integrative & Complementary Medicine

Traditional Medicines in Africa: An Appraisal of Ten Potent African Medicinal Plants

M. Fawzi Mahomoodally

EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (2013)

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Review Immunology

A small jab - a big effect: nonspecific immunomodulation by vaccines

Christine S. Benn et al.

TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2013)

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Editorial Material Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Health research in Africa: getting priorities right

Ole F. Olesen et al.

TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH (2012)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Fundamentals of Vaccine Immunology

Angela S. Clem

JOURNAL OF GLOBAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2011)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans

Katarzyna Bryc et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2010)

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The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans

Sarah A. Tishkoff et al.

SCIENCE (2009)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of Their Prevalence, Distribution, and Disease Burden

Peter J. Hotez et al.

PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES (2009)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Social contacts and mixing patterns relevant to the spread of infectious diseases

Joeel Mossong et al.

PLOS MEDICINE (2008)

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How Uganda reversed its HIV epidemic

Gary Slutkin et al.

AIDS AND BEHAVIOR (2006)

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Article Immunology

Acute lower respiratory tract infections and respiratory syncytial virus in infants in Guinea-Bissau: a beneficial effect of BCG vaccination for girls - Community based case-control study

LG Stensballe et al.

VACCINE (2005)

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Review Immunology

The war between the malaria parasite and the immune system: immunity, immunoregulation and immunopathology

K Artavanis-Tsakonas et al.

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY (2003)

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The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants

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JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY (2001)

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