期刊
ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
卷 11, 期 18, 页码 12259-12284出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8026
关键词
historical fire regime; life history; metapopulation; phenology; pyrodiversity; resilience; western North America; wildfire disturbance; wildlife
资金
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Bioenergy Technologies Office under EERE through ORNL
- Institute for Land, Water and Society (ILWS), Charles Sturt University
- DOE [DE-AC05-00OR22725]
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
- NSF Division of Earth Sciences [1848667]
- Joint Fire Science Program [16-105-20]
- Directorate For Geosciences
- Division Of Earth Sciences [1848667] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
The article discusses the increasing frequency of wildfires in western North American forests and their impact on wildlife communities, highlighting the factors that affect animal resilience to shifting wildfire patterns in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. It also describes a two-dimensional life history framework for species to resist or recover from wildfire effects, as well as the role of fire refuges for species at a metapopulation scale.
Wildfires in many western North American forests are becoming more frequent, larger, and severe, with changed seasonal patterns. In response, coniferous forest ecosystems will transition toward dominance by fire-adapted hardwoods, shrubs, meadows, and grasslands, which may benefit some faunal communities, but not others. We describe factors that limit and promote faunal resilience to shifting wildfire regimes for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We highlight the potential value of interspersed nonforest patches to terrestrial wildlife. Similarly, we review watershed thresholds and factors that control the resilience of aquatic ecosystems to wildfire, mediated by thermal changes and chemical, debris, and sediment loadings. We present a 2-dimensional life history framework to describe temporal and spatial life history traits that species use to resist wildfire effects or to recover after wildfire disturbance at a metapopulation scale. The role of fire refuge is explored for metapopulations of species. In aquatic systems, recovery of assemblages postfire may be faster for smaller fires where unburned tributary basins or instream structures provide refuge from debris and sediment flows. We envision that more-frequent, lower-severity fires will favor opportunistic species and that less-frequent high-severity fires will favor better competitors. Along the spatial dimension, we hypothesize that fire regimes that are predictable and generate burned patches in close proximity to refuge will favor species that move to refuges and later recolonize, whereas fire regimes that tend to generate less-severely burned patches may favor species that shelter in place. Looking beyond the trees to forest fauna, we consider mitigation options to enhance resilience and buy time for species facing a no-analog future.
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