Oxides for Rectenna Technology

The quest to harvest untapped renewable infrared energy sources has led to significant research effort in design, fabrication and optimization of a self-biased rectenna that can operate without external bias voltage. At the heart of its design is the engineering of a high-frequency rectifier that can convert terahertz and infrared alternating current (AC) signals to usable direct current (DC). The Metal Insulator Metal (MIM) diode has been considered as one of the ideal candidates for the rectenna system. Its unparalleled ability to have a high response time is due to the fast, femtosecond tunneling process that governs current transport. This paper presents an overview of single, double and triple insulator MIM diodes that have been fabricated so far, in particular focusing on reviewing key figures of merit, such as zero-bias responsivity (beta(0)), zero-bias dynamic resistance (R-0) and asymmetry. The two major oxide contenders for (MIM)-M-n diodes have been NiO and Al2O3, in combination with HfO2, Ta2O5, Nb2O5, ZnO and TiO2. The latter oxide has also been used in combination with Co3O4 and TiOx. The most advanced rectennas based on (MIM)-M-2 diodes have shown that optimal (beta(0) and R-0) can be achieved by carefully tailoring fabrication processes to control oxide stoichiometry and thicknesses to sub-nanometer accuracy.

Automated summary

The quest for utilizing untapped renewable infrared energy sources has spurred significant research efforts into designing, fabricating, and optimizing a self-biased rectenna that operates without external bias voltage. The focus is on the metal insulator metal (MIM) diode, which has fast response time due to femtosecond tunneling process governing current transport. Fabrication of single, double, and triple insulator MIM diodes have been reviewed, with attention to key figures of merit like zero-bias responsivity and zero-bias dynamic resistance. Various oxide combinations have been explored, with sub-nanometer accuracy in oxide stoichiometry and thicknesses seen to optimize responsivity and resistance in advanced rectennas.