期刊
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
卷 12, 期 1, 页码 -出版社
NATURE PORTFOLIO
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24585-9
关键词
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资金
- National Key R&D Program of China [2018YFC1406902, 2019YFA0802600]
- Chinese Academy of Sciences [ZDBS-LYSM005, XBZG-ZDSYS-201913]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [31701092, 31771410, 31970565, 91731302]
- Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS [2018112]
- Beijing Municipal Medical Research Institutes (Beijing Medical Research Institute) [2019-1]
- I. Curie YPI program
- ATIP-Avenir program from CNRS
- Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR)
- Institut National du Cancer (INCa)
- Ofce of the Director, National Institutes of Health [P51OD011106]
- ATIP-Avenir program from Plan Cancer
- HPC Platform of BIG
- HPC Platform of Scientic Information Centre of IOZ
Transposable elements, previously regarded as junk, are now seen as catalysts of evolution. The analysis of 100 animal genomes reveals that terminal inverted repeat-type transposable elements catalyze new gene structures and genes in animals through both transposition-independent and -dependent mechanisms.
Despite long being considered as junk, transposable elements (TEs) are now accepted as catalysts of evolution. One example is Mutator-like elements (MULEs, one type of terminal inverted repeat DNA TEs, or TIR TEs) capturing sequences as Pack-MULEs in plants. However, their origination mechanism remains perplexing, and whether TIR TEs mediate duplication in animals is almost unexplored. Here we identify 370 Pack-TIRs in 100 animal reference genomes and one Pack-TIR (Ssk-FB4) family in fly populations. We find that single-copy Pack-TIRs are mostly generated via transposition-independent gap filling, and multicopy Pack-TIRs are likely generated by transposition after replication fork switching. We show that a proportion of Pack-TIRs are transcribed and often form chimeras with hosts. We also find that Ssk-FB4s represent a young protein family, as supported by proteomics and signatures of positive selection. Thus, TIR TEs catalyze new gene structures and new genes in animals via both transposition-independent and -dependent mechanisms. Transposons are accepted as evolutionary catalysts but how they do so remains less clear. Analyzing 100 animal genomes finds that terminal inverted repeat-type transposable elements catalyze new gene structures and new genes in animals via both transposition-independent and -dependent mechanisms.
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