Recovery of β-carotene from pumpkin using switchable natural deep eutectic solvents

The aim of the present research was to develop green and sustainable extraction procedure for beta-carotene recovery from pumpkin. A series of hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) based on fatty acids were prepared to establish high extraction efficiency of beta-carotene and to increase stability of extracted carotenoids from the pumpkin. To intensify extraction process, NADES composed of C8 and C10 fatty acids (3:1) was selected and coupled with ultrasound assisted extraction. Response surface methodology and artificial neural network model (ANN) model was adopted to analyze significance of extraction parameters demonstrating high prediction levels of the beta-carotene yield, experimentally confirming the maximum beta-carotene content of 151.41 mu g/mL at the optimal process condition. Extracted carotenoids in the optimal NADES extract have shown high stability during the storing period of 180 days. A switchable-hydrophilicity eutectic solvent system has been introduced as a successful way to recover extracted carotenoids from the NADES solvent. It was capable of precipitating 90% of carotenoids present in the extract. The proposed procedure is simple, easily scalable and has minimal impact on operators and the environment.

Automated summary

The study developed a green and sustainable extraction procedure for beta-carotene recovery from pumpkin using NADES solvents and ultrasound assisted extraction, resulting in high extraction efficiency and stability. The extracted carotenoids showed high stability over a 180-day storing period.