Iron-chlorosis tolerance screening of 12 commercial grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars based on phytochemical indices

Twelve international and Iranian V. vinifera L. cultivars were grown in pots hydroponically to investigate some leaf physiological and biochemical parameters related to bicarbonate (Bic)-induced iron stress at the end of the growing cycle. Some vines root biometric indices were recorded as well. The leaf chlorosis and electrolyte leakage values increased dramatically when plants were subjected to10 mM Bic regime, the highest and lowest of these indices were presented in 'Rishbaba' and 'Perlette' respectively. Leaf SPAD decreased dramatically in vines under + Bic conditions in comparison to -Bic plants, the highest and lowest SPAD was found in 'Perlette' and 'Rishbaba' respectively. Also, supplied Bic dramatically decreased dry weight and volume of root of treated vines. Under + Bic regime, the root dry weight showed a peak in 'Perlette' followed by 'Flame Seedless' and 'Superior Seedless' cultivars. In + Bic groups, similar to soluble carbohydrate changes, proline accumulated at the higher level in cultivars with relative higher tolerance to Bic-induced Fe chlorosis, i.e. 'Perlette', 'Flame Seedless', 'Superior Seedless', 'Moukhtchaloni' and 'Chafteh' in compared to cultivar with relative lower tolerance to Bic induced Fe tolerance, i.e. 'Rishbaba', 'Bidaneh Qermez', 'Bidaneh Sefid' and 'Shast Aroos'. The malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxidase were produced at a lower level in Fe- chlorosis tolerant cultivars. Moreover, the activity of leaf antioxidant enzymes (catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase) was shown to be higher in 'Perlette', 'Flame Seedless', 'Superior Seedless', 'Moukhtchaloni' and 'Chafteh' cultivars compared to other cultivars under + Bic regime. When the vines were subjected to 10 mM Bic regime, the concentrations of leaf mineral nutrients such as N, K, active and total Fe and Zn decreased; however leaf Mg and Ca increased significantly in all treated cultivars. Under 10 mM Bic regime, the highest active Fe was found in 'Perlette', followed by 'Flame Seedless', 'Chafteh' and 'Superior Seedless'. However, the lowest active Fe concentration was found in 'Rishbaba' which did not differ significantly with 'Bidaneh Qermez' and 'Shast Aroos' cultivars. Relatively, cultivars were classified as tolerant (Perlette', 'Flame Seedless', 'Superior Seedless', 'Moukhtchaloni' and 'Chafteh'), moderately tolerant ('Fiesta', 'Druzhba', 'Lael') and least tolerant ('Rishbaba', 'Bidaneh Qermez', 'Bidaneh Sefid' and 'Shast Aroos').

Automated summary

The study focused on the leaf physiological and biochemical parameters in 12 international and Iranian V. vinifera L. cultivars under bicarbonate-induced iron stress, revealing significant changes in indicators such as leaf chlorosis, electrolyte leakage, and SPAD values. Root biometric indices, soluble carbohydrates, and antioxidant enzyme activity also varied among different cultivars. Differences in tolerance to bicarbonate-induced iron chlorosis were observed among the cultivars, affecting parameters such as soluble carbohydrates and antioxidant enzyme activity.