The Persian (English) walnut (Juglans regia L.) assortment of Hungary: Nut characteristics and origin

Persian walnut growing has a long-term tradition in Hungary. The walnut breeding started with the domestication of French varieties propagated by seeds in the 1910s, which was not successful. From the 1950s the Hungarian breeding research used selections from the local population, cross breeding and back crosses as breeding methods. The aim of this paper is to examine the origin and the nut characteristics of the Hungarian bred varieties registered on the National Variety List. The grafted trees for sample collection were planted in spring of 1990 at the Experimental Fields. Strong relationships between nut height and dried nut weight, dried nut weight and kernel weight, nut width and dried nut weight, nut diameter and nut width, dried nut weight and nut diameter, kernel weight and nut diameter as described in the literature was confirmed. Another relation (nut width and kernel weight) showed a strong relation too. All of the Hungarian bred varieties have a unique genetic background. The relation is not apparent between the introduced and the local varieties in all cases. It was concluded from the genetic pattern that the French seedling varieties might have not influenced the Hungarian varieties in the extent it was supposed formerly.

Automated summary

Persian walnut growing has a long tradition in Hungary, with breeding research focusing on local varieties and using methods such as selection and cross-breeding. This study examined Hungarian bred walnut varieties and found strong relationships between nut characteristics, confirming the unique genetic background of Hungarian bred varieties and the limited influence of French seedling varieties.