Observation of fragmentation of a spinor Bose-Einstein condensate

Weakly interacting Bose gases usually form Bose-Einstein condensates in which most particles occupy the same single-particle state. However, when this state cannot realize a continuous symmetry of the many-body Hamiltonian, a fragmented condensate exhibiting the expected symmetry may emerge. Here, we produced a three-fragment condensate for a mesoscopic spin-1 gas of about 100 atoms, with anti-ferromagnetic interactions and vanishing collective spin. Using a spin-resolved detection approaching single-atom resolution, we show that the reconstructed state is close to the expected manybody ground state, whereas one-body observables are the same as for a completely mixed state. Our results highlight how the interplay between symmetry and interactions generates entanglement in a mesoscopic quantum system.

Automated summary

In this study, a three-fragment condensate was produced for a mesoscopic spin-1 gas with anti-ferromagnetic interactions and vanishing collective spin. The reconstructed state was found to be close to the expected many-body ground state using spin-resolved detection, while one-body observables remained the same as for a completely mixed state. This highlights how the interplay between symmetry and interactions generates entanglement in a mesoscopic quantum system.