4.2 Review

Advances in Neutralization Assays for SARS-CoV-2

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Article Immunology

Longitudinal Dynamics of the Neutralizing Antibody Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection

Kai Wang et al.

Summary: This study found that specific neutralizing antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19 were initially low in the first 7-10 days after symptom onset, then gradually increased and peaked at 2-3 weeks. The titers of neutralizing antibodies and IgG levels showed a positive correlation over time, and were also significantly correlated with levels of proinflammatory cytokines.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Article Allergy

Antibody dynamics to SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic COVID-19 infections

Qing Lei et al.

Summary: The study found that combining nucleic acid testing with serological testing significantly increases the detection sensitivity of asymptomatic infections. Asymptomatic individuals mainly produce IgM and IgG antibodies against S1 and N proteins, with S1-specific IgM antibodies potentially serving as early diagnostic biomarkers. Some asymptomatic individuals do not produce neutralizing antibodies, and these antibodies gradually disappear within two months.

ALLERGY (2021)

Article Immunology

Evidence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reinfection After Recovery from Mild Coronavirus Disease 2019

Jee-Soo Lee et al.

Summary: The study found that recovered COVID-19 patients may be at risk of reinfection with a different strain of SARS-CoV-2, as the viral genome of reinfection differed from the initial infection. This suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection may not provide immunity against other strains of SARS-CoV-2.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Early High-Titer Plasma Therapy to Prevent Severe Covid-19 in Older Adults

R. Libster et al.

Summary: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of convalescent plasma with high IgG titers against SARS-CoV-2 in older adult patients within 72 hours after the onset of mild Covid-19 symptoms found that early administration of high-titer convalescent plasma reduced the progression of Covid-19 in mildly ill infected older adults.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

(A Little) Clarity on Convalescent Plasma for Covid-19

Louis M. Katz

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Convalescent Plasma Antibody Levels and the Risk of Death from Covid-19

M. J. Joyner et al.

Summary: This study found that higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels in convalescent plasma were associated with a lower risk of death among patients hospitalized with Covid-19 who were not receiving mechanical ventilation. The association between antibody levels and mortality risk was moderated by mechanical ventilation status, with no significant effect seen in patients who had already received ventilation.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Randomized Trial of Convalescent Plasma in Covid-19 Severe Pneumonia

V. A. Simonovich et al.

Summary: There were no significant differences observed in clinical status or overall mortality between patients treated with convalescent plasma and those who received placebo in the treatment of severe Covid-19 pneumonia. The study results indicate that both groups had similar clinical outcomes and mortality rates after 30 days.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Neutralizing antibody titres in SARS-CoV-2 infections

Eric H. Y. Lau et al.

Summary: In this study, researchers quantified SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies using plaque reduction neutralization (PRNT) assays on 195 patients in different disease states. They found that patients with severe disease had higher peaks of neutralizing antibody titres than patients with mild or asymptomatic infections, and that serum neutralizing antibody persists for over 6 months in most people.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Microbiology

Spike-specific circulating T follicular helper cell and cross-neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19-convalescent individuals

Jian Zhang et al.

Summary: COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, and the majority of convalescent individuals maintain neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Those who experienced severe COVID-19 had higher levels of neutralizing antibodies, a faster increase in lymphocyte counts, and a higher frequency of CXCR3(+) T-follicular help cells.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

Article Infectious Diseases

Evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow assay using the plaque reduction neutralization test

Xuping Xie et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the performance of the Vazyme 2019-nCoV IgG/IgM Detection Kit, showing good sensitivity and specificity for IgG detection but poor performance for IgM detection.

DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2021)

Article Allergy

Systemic and mucosal antibody responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 during mild versus severe COVID-19

Carlo Cervia et al.

Summary: The study found that severe COVID-19 patients experienced a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers after symptom onset, especially with high IgA titers, while mild cases may exhibit transient production of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. Interestingly, some healthcare workers with negative serum antibody titers showed SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA in mucosal fluids with virus-neutralizing capacity in some cases.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Microbiology

Quantifying Absolute Neutralization Titers against SARS-CoV-2 by a Standardized Virus Neutralization Assay Allows for Cross-Cohort Comparisons of COVID-19 Sera

Kasopefoluwa Y. Oguntuyo et al.

Summary: The global COVID-19 pandemic has led to the development of a standardized virus neutralization assay using pseudotyped particles for efficient and accurate testing of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The assay showed strong positive correlation with live-virus neutralizations in confirmed convalescent-patient sera and can be used for meaningful comparisons across diverse cohorts. This standardized assay is necessary for assessing the efficacy of various vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics.
Article Microbiology

IMMUNO-COV v2.0: Development and Validation of a High-Throughput Clinical Assay for Measuring SARS-CoV-2-Neutralizing Antibody Titers

Rianna Vandergaast et al.

Summary: This study describes the development and validation of IMMUNO-COV v2.0, a scalable clinical assay for measuring SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibody titers. The assay has been comprehensively validated and is suitable for clinical use in human serum and plasma, providing valuable insights into the levels of neutralizing antibodies and vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2.

MSPHERE (2021)

Article Immunology

Low serum neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibody levels in mildly affected COVID-19 convalescent patients revealed by two different detection methods

Berislav Bosnjak et al.

Summary: The study found that COVID-19 convalescent patients have neutralizing antibodies in their serum that can effectively block the entry of SARS-CoV-2 virus. The levels of these neutralizing antibodies are correlated with the duration and severity of clinical symptoms, but not with age. The sVNT test is simpler, faster, and more cost-effective compared to the pVNT test, making it valuable for assessing the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies and selecting potential plasma donors for successful passive antibody therapy.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Immunology

A real-time and high-throughput neutralization test based on SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus containing monomeric infrared fluorescent protein as reporter

Wen-Yang Tsai et al.

Summary: The study developed lentivirus-based pseudoviruses containing a monomeric infrared fluorescent protein reporter for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays. These assays offer advantages such as quick turnaround time, high throughput, and one-step image quantification, making them particularly suitable for assessing the neutralization sensitivity of new variants in the ongoing fight against the pandemic.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation

Daniel Wrapp et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Pandemic Preparedness: Developing Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies For COVID-19

Gregory D. Sempowski et al.

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

Alexandra C. Walls et al.

Article Infectious Diseases

Serological assays for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (BARS-CoV-2), March 2020

Ranawaka A. P. M. Perera et al.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2020)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 With Convalescent Plasma

Chenguang Shen et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2020)

Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Deployment of convalescent plasma for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19

Evan M. Bloch et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients

Kai Duan et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection

Chunyan Wang et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

Editorial Material Oncology

TMPRSS2 and COVID-19: serendipity or Opportunity for Intervention?

Konrad H. Stopsack et al.

CANCER DISCOVERY (2020)

Review Immunology

Humoral Immune Responses in COVID-19 Patients: A Window on the State of the Art

Gabriel Siracusano et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A human neutralizing antibody targets the receptor-binding site of SARS-CoV-2

Rui Shi et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection

Bin Ju et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cross-neutralization ofSARS-CoV-2 by a human monoclonal SARS-CoV antibody

Dora Pinto et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2

Jian Shang et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Microbiology

Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by Destruction of the Prefusion Spike

Jiandong Huo et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2020)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Serologic responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospital staff with mild disease in eastern France

Samira Fafi-Kremer et al.

EBIOMEDICINE (2020)

Article Immunology

Measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity using pseudotyped and chimeric viruses

Fabian Schmidt et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2020)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Coronaviruses pandemics: Can neutralizing antibodies help?

Phuoc-Bao-Viet Tong et al.

LIFE SCIENCES (2020)

Editorial Material Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

COVID-19 Makes B Cells Forget, but T Cells Remember

Pablo F. Canete et al.

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness

Kizzmekia S. Corbett et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals

Davide F. Robbiani et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike

Lihong Liu et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

Seth J. Zost et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections

Quan-Xin Long et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19

Jennifer A. Juno et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structural basis of a shared antibody response to SARS-CoV-2

Meng Yuan et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

Article Virology

Potential Antiviral Options against SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Aleksandr Ianevski et al.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A high-throughput neutralizing antibody assay for COVID-19 diagnosis and vaccine evaluation

Antonio E. Muruato et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

COVID-19 and the Path to Immunity

David S. Stephens et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses

Ugur Sahin et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Neuropilin-1 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection

James L. Daly et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

Article Cell Biology

Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized pediatric and adult patients

Carl A. Pierce et al.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and neutralizing activity in donor and patient blood

Dianna L. Ng et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

Article Immunology

Validation and clinical evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralisation test (sVNT)

Benjamin Meyer et al.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2020)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

A simple protein-based surrogate neutralization assay for SARS-CoV-2

Kento T. Abe et al.

JCI INSIGHT (2020)

Article Oncology

Clinical characteristics of recovered COVID-19 patients with re-detectable positive RNA test

Jianghong An et al.

ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2020)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Convalescent plasma anti SARS-CoV-2 spike protein ectodomain and receptor-binding domain IgG correlate with virus neutralization

Eric Salazar et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Dynamic changes in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies during SARS-CoV-2 infection and recovery from COVID-19

Kening Li et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for months

Ania Wajnberg et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

Review Immunology

Measuring immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: comparing assays and animal models

David S. Khoury et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

Article Cell Biology

Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Humoral Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Spike

Jeremie Prevost et al.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19: a tried-and-true old strategy?

Yongzhi Xi

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2020)

Article Cell Biology

Rapid Generation of Neutralizing Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Patients

Mehul S. Suthar et al.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Disease severity dictates SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19

Xiangyu Chen et al.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2020)

Article Immunology

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 from Patient with Coronavirus Disease, United States

Jennifer Harcourt et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Perspectives on therapeutic neutralizing antibodies against the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Guangyu Zhou et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2020)

Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses are more robust in patients with severe disease

Pengfei Wang et al.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2020)

Article Immunology

Establishment and validation of a pseudovirus neutralization assay for SARS-CoV-2

Jianhui Nie et al.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2020)

Article Immunology

High neutralizing antibody titer in intensive care unit patients with COVID-19

Li Liu et al.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2020)

Article Immunology

Dynamic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 shedding and neutralizing antibody in children with COVID-19

Pengcheng Liu et al.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2020)

Review Microbiology

Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses

Jie Cui et al.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2019)

Review Virology

Current status on the development of pseudoviruses for enveloped viruses

Qianqian Li et al.

REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2018)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

A bioluminescent imaging mouse model for Marburg virus based on a pseudovirus system

Li Zhang et al.

HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS (2017)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

A Comparative High-Throughput Screening Protocol to Identify Entry Inhibitors of Enveloped Viruses

Juan Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING (2014)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Transferrin receptor 1 is a cellular receptor for New World haemorrhagic fever arenaviruses

Sheli R. Radoshitzky et al.

NATURE (2007)

Article Virology

A serological survey on neutralizing antibody titer of SARS convalescent sera

JS Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2005)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Occupancy and mechanism in anti body-mediated neutralization of animal viruses

PJ Klasse et al.

JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY (2002)

Article Immunology

Intrinsic constraint on plasmablast growth and extrinsic limits of plasma cell survival

DMY Sze et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2000)