Performance of low-cost stainless-steel beverage kegs for long-term storage integrity and easy dispensing of water isotope (δ18O, δ2H) reference materials

Rationale A widespread problem observed in global water isotope (delta O-18, delta H-2) proficiency tests is compromised working reference materials due to storage-dispensing evaporation effects. Proper storage requires no evaporation or leakage, which causes isotopic drift and bias. Surveys by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) show most isotope laboratories use glass or plastic bottles to store working reference materials, with frequent opening and closings that pose evaporation risks. Practical small (ca. 2-5 L) storage-dispensing solutions free of air exposure, evaporation, and leakage are needed. We also tested several smaller-scale bottles for day-to-day aliquots. Methods We tested low-cost, conveniently sized (4 L) adaptations of a common stainless-steel beverage keg with a liquid dispenser, with minor modifications to facilitate low-flow dispensing and pressurization (1-2 bar) with Ar or N-2. We tested three kegs (100%, 75%, 50% initial fills) for a 2-year period along with monthly dispensing to assess long-term storage viability for maintaining delta O-18 and delta H-2 integrity and dispensing, and day-to-day aliquot bottles for 6 months. Results Test results showed these small keg storage systems fully maintained the isotopic integrity of water over the 2-year testing period with no trend in the isotopic data that would reveal evaporative loss or leakage (e.g., pressure or mass loss) regardless of starting fill level. However, evaporated water in the outlet tube assembly must be eliminated by discarding 15-20 mL before dispensing into appropriate daily-use laboratory standard bottles (30-100 mL). Glass bottles for daily aliquots showed good integrity properties, but only if their fill level was >50%. Conclusions The use of a low-cost pressurized metal beverage keg dispensing system provides a robust solution to enable laboratories to maintain the integrity of their water isotope working reference materials over several years.

Automated summary

The widespread problem of compromised working reference materials in global water isotope proficiency tests due to storage-evaporation effects calls for the need of small storage-dispensing solutions that can eliminate risks of evaporation and leakage.