Valveless microliter combustion for densely packed arrays of powerful soft actuators

Existing tactile stimulation technologies powered by small actuators offer low-resolution stimuli compared to the enormous mechanoreceptor density of human skin. Arrays of soft pneumatic actuators initially show promise as small-resolution (1- to 3-mm diameter), highly conformable tactile display strategies yet ultimately fail because of their need for valves bulkier than the actuators themselves. In this paper, we demonstrate an array of individually addressable, soft fluidic actuators that operate without electromechanical valves. We achieve this by using microscale combustion and localized thermal flame quenching. Precisely, liquid metal electrodes produce sparks to ignite fuel lean methane-oxygen mixtures in a 5-mm diameter, 2-mm tall silicone cylinder. The exothermic reaction quickly pressurizes the cylinder, displacing a silicone membrane up to 6 mm in under 1 ms. This device has an estimated free-inflation instantaneous stroke power of 3 W. The maximum reported operational frequency of these cylinders is 1.2 kHz with average displacements of similar to 100 mu m. We demonstrate that, at these small scales, the wall-quenching flame behavior also allows operation of a 3 x 3 array of 3-mm diameter cylinders with 4-mm pitch. Though we primarily present our device as a tactile display technology, it is a platform microactuator technology with application beyond this one.

Automated summary

This paper presents a new array of individually addressable soft fluidic actuators that operate without electromechanical valves, achieving efficient displacement at small scales using microscale combustion and localized thermal flame quenching. While primarily developed for tactile display technology, this platform microactuator technology has potential applications beyond this field.